English Language - UNIT 3 & 4

Phonology; Prosodics: Acronym

SPITV

Phonology; Prosodics: S → Stress

Emphasis given to a specific syllable or word in speech through increased volume, pitch, or duration

Phonology; Prosodics: S → Stress, Effect

Highlights key or new information, conveys emotional emphasis or urgency

Phonology; Prosodics: P → Pitch

Relative height of sound

Phonology; Prosodics: P → Pitch, Effect

Reflects speaker emotion, intent, or attitude

Phonology; Prosodics: I → Intonation

The pattern of pitch changes across an utterance

Phonology; Prosodics: I → Intonation, Effect

Signals clause boundaries, distinguishes sentence types (e.g turning a declarative into an interrogative) or indicated High Rising Terminal to check for understanding

Phonology; Prosodics: T → Tempo

The speed at which spoken language is delivered

Phonology; Prosodics: T → Tempo, Effect

Indicates emotional state, urgency, or nervousness, or adds rhetorical weight to key statements

Phonology; Prosodics: V → Volume

The loudness or softness of vocal delivery

Phonology; Prosodics: V → Volume, Effect

Conveys emotional intensity, manages physical and social distance, or signals urgency or anger

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Assimilation

Sound changes to become more like a neighbouring sound in voicing, place, or manner of articulation

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Assimilation, Effect

Increases ease, efficiency, and fluency of articulation in informal social discourse

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Vowel Reduction

A process where full, stressed vowels in unstressed syllables are reduced to weaker, short vowel sounds.

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Vowel Reduction, Effect

Facilitates casual spoken tempo

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Elision

The deletion of a sound (vowel or consonant)

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Elision, Effect

Signals an informal register and spontaneous interaction

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Insertion

The addition of an extra sound (vowel or consonant) between words or sounds

Phonology; Connected Speech Processes → Insertion, Effect

Facilitates smooth transitions between adjacent vowels

Phonology; AAE → Broad Accent

Closest to traditional stereotypical Australian pronunciation, characterised by extreme vowel elongation, broad diphthongs and nasalisation

Phonology; AAE → Broad Accent, Effect

Conveys covert prestige, in-group membership, and an informal, egalitarian Australian identity

Phonology; AAE → General Accent

Most widespread accent

Phonology; AAE → General Accent, Effect

Conveys Overt/Covert norms, in-group membership, solidarity

Phonology; AAE → Cultivated Accent

Historically associated with British Pronunciation, characterised by rounded, precise vowel sounds

Phonology; AAE → Cultivated Accent, Effect

Signals formal authority, high socio-economic status, higher education, or institutional prestige

Phonology; Phonological Patterning; Acronym

RACORA

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Alliteration

The repetition of initial consonant sounds in consecutive or nearby words (e.g. Peter Piper picked a pepper)

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Alliteration, Effect

Creates auditory cohesion, draws emphasis to key terms, and increases mnemonic recall

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Assonance

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds within nearby words (e.g. The light or fire is a sight)

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Assonance, Effect

Links words phonetically to reinforce emotion tone

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Consonance

The repetition of identical or similar consonant sounds within or at the end of nearby words (e.g. Pitter-patter goes the water)

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Consonance, Effect

Adds rhythmic structure, and aesthetic richness

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Onomatopoeia

Words who's phonetic pronunciation mimics the natural sound associated with the object or action

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Onomatopoeia

Evokes imagery, and engages the audience

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Rhythm

The structured pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables across an utterance

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Rhythm, Effect

Maintains engagement and creates a memorable poetic cadence

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Rhyme

The repetition of identical or similar consonantal endings at the ends of lines or clauses

Phonology; Phonological Patterning → Rhyme, Effect

Structures verse, fulfills Jacobson’s poetic function and aids memory recall

Morphology; -ix → Prefix

A bound affix attached to a root (e.g. un-happy)

Morphology; -ix → Suffix

A bound affix attached after a root

Morphology; -ix → Infix

A bound affix inserted directly inside a root word

Morphology; -ix → Infix, Effect

Conveys emotional intensity, emphases, humour, or an informal, colloquial register

Morphology; -ix → Hypocoristic Suffixation

Feature of AAE in which an alternative form of words or names are created using abbreviation and suffixation (specifically, -ie, -y, -o)

Morphology; -ix → Hypocoristic Suffixation, Effect

Shares the same denotation as original word, but alters connotation and lowers formality, signals in-group membership, solidarity, builds rapport, and reflects Australian Identity, and egalitarian tenor

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Affixation

Creating new words by attaching bound affixes (prefix, suffix, infix) to roots

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Abbreviation

Shortening words or phrases (e.g. Jan for January)

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Acronym

Word formed from the initial letters of a series of words and pronounced as a single word

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Initialism

A word formed from the initial letters of a series of words, where each letter is pronounced individually

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Shortening

Dropping one or more syllables from a word without changing its word class or denotative meaning (e.g. gym from gymnasium)

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Shortening, Effect

Lowers formality, promotes casual efficiency, and fosters social closeness, rapport, and solidarity between interlocuters.

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Compounding

Joining two or more free morphemes together to form a single new lexeme (e.g. Facebook)

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Blending

Combining non-morphemic parts of two distinct words to create a single new lexeme (e.g. Brunch)

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Conversion of Word Class

Changing the word class of a lexeme without adding any affixes (e.g. Google)

Morphology; Morphological Patterns → Backformation

Creating a new word by removing an imagined or actual affix from an existing word (e.g. forming verb burgle from noun burglar)

Lexicology; Word Classes → Nouns

Lexical terms naming concrete objects, abstract concepts, people, places, or entities

Lexicology; Word Classes → Verbs

Lexical words denotating actions, processes, states, or occurrences

Lexicology; Word Classes → Primary Auxiliary Verbs

The verbs be, have, and do, used to assist main verbs to show tense, aspect, or voice

Lexicology; Word Classes → Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs expressing modality such as permission, possibility, necessity, obligation, or certainty (e.g. can, could, will, would, should, must, may, might, shall)

Lexicology; Word Classes → Adjectives

Words modifying or describing nouns or pronouns to specify qualities, properties, or characteristics

Lexicology; Word Classes → Adverbs

Words modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, typically specifying time, place, manner, degree or frequency

Lexicology; Word Classes → Prepositions

Function words showing spatial, temporal, or logical relationships between noun phrases and other clause elements (e.g. under, before, with, or in)

Lexicology; Word Classes → Pronouns

Function words substituting for noun phrases or nouns

Lexicology; Word Classes → Conjunctions

Words connecting words, phrases, or clauses

Coordinators: and, but, or

Subordinators: because, if, although

Lexicology; Word Classes → Determiners

Words preceding nouns to specify definiteness, quantity, possession, or demonstrative distance (e.g. the, a, these, my, three)

Lexicology; Word Classes → Interjections

Expressive words or exclamations denotating spontaneous emotion, reaction, or stance (e.g. Yuck! Ouch! Wow!)

Lexicology; Word Formation Processes → Neologism

Newly coined words or phrases entering a language’s lexicon (e.g. Vaping, Doomscrolling)

Lexicology; Word Formation Processes → Borrowings

Words adopted directly from other languages due to social or cultural contact (e.g. Boomerang, Cafe)

Lexicology; Word Formation Processes → Communisation

A process where a proper noun (such as a brand name) transforms into a common noun or verb (e.g. google, bandaid)

Lexicology; Word Formation Processes → Nominalisation

The process of converting verbs or adjectives into nouns or noun phrases (e.g. the verb assists into noun assistance)

Syntax; Phrases → Noun phrases

Names a noun (e.g. The tired boy)

Syntax; Phrases → Verb phrases

Shows an action or state (e.g. Is sleeping)

Syntax; Phrases → Adjective phrases

Describes a noun (e.g. Very tired)

Syntax; Phrases → Adverb phrase

Describes a verb, adjective, or adverb (e.g. Very quickly)

Syntax; Phrases → Prepositional phrase

Starts with a preposition (in, on, under, beside) (e.g. Under the table)

Syntax; Clause

Contains a subject and a verb (e.g. Johnny sleeps)

Syntax; Clause → Subject

The noun phrase or clause element that identifies who or what performs an action or is described by the verb phrase

Syntax; Clause → Object

The noun phrase affected by the verb’s action or receiving the direct object

Syntax; Clause → Predicate

The essential clause element containing the verb phrase and providing information about what the subject is doing, experiencing, or being

Syntax; Clause → Complement

A required clause element following a linking verb that completes the meaning of the subject or object

Syntax; Clause → Adverbial

An optional clause element that modifies the clause by specifying circumstances such as time, place, manner, reason, or degree

Syntax; Clause → Coordinating

An independent clause linked to another independent clause of equal grammatical status using a coordinating conjunction

Syntax; Clause → Subordinating

A dependant clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction that relies on a main clause to complete it’s meaning

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Sentence Fragments

An incomplete clause lacking a main subject or verb phrase, functioning as a standalone sentence

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Sentence Fragments, Effect

Reflects casual, spontaneous spoken interaction, creates dramatic emphasis in written text

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Simple

A sentence containing exactly one independent main clause with a subject and predicate

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Compound

A sentence containing two or more independent main clauses joined by coordination

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Complex

A sentence containing one main independent clause and at least one subordinate dependant clause

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Compound-Complex

A sentence containing at least two independent clauses and at least one subordinate dependant clause

Syntax; Sentence Structures → Ellipses

The omission of words or phrases where the missing elements can be easy inferred from context

Syntax; Sentence Types → Declarative

Used to state facts, state opinions, or convey information

Syntax; Sentence Types → Imperative

Used to issue commands, directives, requests, or instructions typically understood with an understood subject

Syntax; Sentence Types → Interrogative

Used to ask questions and seek information or confirmation

Syntax; Sentence Types → Exclamative

Used to express high emotive intensity, feeling, or surprise

Syntax; Voice → Active Voice

Where the subject performs the verb’s action directly

Syntax; Voice → Passive Voice

Where the target or patient of an action is moved to subject position

Syntax; Voice → Agentless Passive Voice

The actor is omitted

Syntax; Syntactic Patterning: Acronym

PAL

Syntax; Syntactic Patterning → Parallelism

Repetition of identical or similar grammatical structures across consecutive phrases, clauses, or sentences

Syntax; Syntactic Patterning → Antithesis

Placing two contrasting ideas directly side-to-side using parallel syntactic structures

Syntax; Syntactic Patterning → Listing

Grouping multiple items, phrases, or clauses in a sequential syntactic series