Child and Adolescent Psychology Exam #3

middle childhood ranges from age

7-12

who established concrete operations

piaget

kids have the ability to think logically

concrete operations

who established industry-versus-inferiority?

erikson

middle childhood brain development is ________

slow growing

frontal lobes spearhead growth of __________ achievements

middle childhood

frontal lobe develops at around age

9

in middle childhood, motor skills

expand

in middle childhood, there are dramatic ____________ differences

individual

correlation between physical coordination and fitness decrease into

teenage years

childhood activity is related to

caregiver activity

lifelong weight struggle is often created by a high preschool

body mass index (BMI)

obesity is related to clear negative

emotional effects

gross motor skills have no relation to

academic success

fine motor skills are related to school-related

memory performance

information-processing perspective on intellectual growth

memory

1st stop; where we hold stimuli from outside world

sensory store

how we process information

working memory

school-related executive functions

• rehearsal

• selective attention

• inhibition

reviewing, practicing; flashcards

rehearsal

control what you are focused on

selective attention

ability to understand and selectively attend improves during

middle childhood

inhibition skill increases as continual

socialization goal

how do younger children use the information processing theory at home?

• use prompts to aid memory

• expect difficulty in inhibition of impulsivity

how do middle childhood children use the information processing approach?

• active teaching study skills

• selective attention strategies

• scaffold organizational strategies

• reduce distractions

you can expect difficulty in the ability to __________ in middle childhood

multi-task

how does self-awareness change during middle childhood?

tendency to feel good or bad about self (self-esteem)

what are Harter’s five areas related to self-esteem?

• scholastic competence

• behavioral conduct

• athletic skills

• peer likeability

• physical appearance

scholastic competence

how they are doing in school

skills involved in controlling feelings

emotion regulation

emotional tendencies of middle childhood

• externalizing tendencies

• internalizing tendencies

a healthy development goal is a balance of ______ and ______

internal and external tendencies

act out of immediate emotions; related to external responsibility

externalizing tendencies

externalizing tendencies can lead to a denial of

reality

hold tight to immediate emotions, related to internal responsibility

internalizing tendencies

internalizing tendencies are related to learned

helplessness

emotional development interventions in middle childhood

promoting realistic self-esteem

how to promote realistic self-esteem

• enhancing self-esteem

• encouraging realistic perceptions

emphasizing effort enhances

self-esteem

providing accurate feedback encourages

realistic perceptions

sharing, helping, and caring actions

prosocial behavior

examples of prosocial behavior

• empathy

• sympathy

• moral disengagement

• induction

self-conscious emotions that have opposite side effects

guilt and prosocial behavior; guilt and shame

how to produce prosocial children

• praising generous behavior

• label caring traits

• identify feelings and moral issues when a child hurts another

• avoid teasing and shaming

• model tolerance and moral precepts

any hostile or destructive act

aggression

types of aggression

• proactive

• reactive

• relational

• physical

acts without a cause, initiated to achieve a goal

proactive aggression

reacting to something, punching because someone was mean

reactive aggression

exclusion, saying hurtful things, gossiping, etc

relational aggression

punching, kicking, shoving, etc.

physical aggression

step 1 of producing problematic aggression

toddler’s exuberant temperament evokes harsh discipline; power insertion

step 2 of producing problematic aggression

child is rejected by teachers and peers in school; hostile worldview

reactive-aggression children may think differently in social situations

hostile attributional bias

occurs when children are disliked due to externalizing or internalizing problems or differences

rejection

later in life, unpopular friendless children may suffer later life

emotional problems

later in life, rejected, different children may excel as

adults

moral disengagement in action

bullying

what occurs when one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systemic abuse

bullying

exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized

bully-victims

systemic harassment conducted through electronic media

cyberbullying

types of victimization

• overt

• relational

physical harm

overt victimization

damage to social relationships

relational victimization

concurrent and short term effects of victimization

• higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems

• more unhappiness at school

long-term effects of victimization

higher likelihood of internalizing and externalizing disorders in adulthood

why do children bully?

• revenge

• recreation

• social rewards/peer reinforcements

bully prevention programs

• olweus bully prevention program

• lunch-buddy

middle childhood friendships protect and enhance

developing self

friendships in middle childhood teach

emotional management and conflict management

popularity in middle childhood differs from friendships and involves __________ to rise in peer ranks

competition

popularity in middle childhood may be enhanced by

relational aggression

popularity in middle childhood: _____ causes children to be accepted and liked by peers

kindness

most common childhood disorder in the US

ADHD

ADHD is usually diagnosed in __________ and more so among _______

elementary school; males

ADHD executive function deficits

• working memory

• inhibition

• impulsivity

• tasks under pressure

3 subtypes of ADHD

• inattentive

• hyperactive/impulsivity

• combined

what is the most common subtype of ADHD

combined

ADHD is

a-typical

ADHD primary genetic causes

delayed maturation of frontal lobe

helping children with ADHD

• psycho-stimulant medications

• behavioral interventions

reading aloud is or isn’t considered heling children with ADHD?

isn’t!

ADHD deviation from normal development

• smaller working memory bin

• delays in development in selective attention

• increased victimization or bully-victimization

• increased externalizing (and sometimes internalizing)

adolescence age ranges from

13-18

adolescence became a life stage during

twentieth century

identified and characterized by “storm and stress”; intense emotions

adolescence

high school attendance enhanced enhanced ___________ of whole teen cohort, creating a ___________

intellectual skills; generational gap

3 classic theories of teenage thinking

• formal operational thinking

• stages of moral development

• adolescent egocentrism

who came up with formal operational thinking?

piaget

ability to think logically about concepts and hypothetical possibilities, logically manipulate concepts in mind, and think scientifically

formal operational thinking

one critique of formal operational thinking is that it’s not

universal

task to assess whether children can reason scientifically; tests formal operational thinking

piaget’s pendulum apparatus

developing moral code to guide life, constructed ethical dilemma

kohlberg’s stages of moral development

lowest level, people approach moral based on own personal reward

preconventional thought

morality centered around social norms, following rules/what is expected

conventional thought

responding to ethical dilemmas with own moral code

postconventional thought

levels of moral reasoning

• preconventional thought

• conventional thought

• postconventional thought

who said that awareness of difference between what adults say and do and the sensitivity to what others think emerges in adolescence?

elkind

who established the adolescent egocentrism

elkind

center of everyone’s world

adolescent egocentrism

types of adolescent egocentrism

• imaginary audience

• personal fable