Enlightenment Social Reforms and Monarchs Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering the impact of Enlightenment ideas on 18th-century social reform movements and absolute monarchs.

abolition

the action of stopping or ending something

abolition movement

the social/political movement whose goal was to end slavery

abolitionists

those who wanted to end slavery

Catherine the Great

an enlightened despot who ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796

despot

a ruler with absolute power

enlightened

influenced by the writings of the Enlightenment philosophers who supported natural rights, the separation of power in a government, the consent of the governed, social contract, and the freedom of expression

enlightened despot

a king or queen whose ideas and actions were influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers

immoral

bad, wrong

Mary Wollstonecraft

an English writer and philosopher who was an advocate for women's rights and wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

movement

a group of people working together to advance their shared ideas

natural rights

rights that all people are born with and that John Locke believed the government should protect including the rights to life, liberty, and property; sometimes called "natural laws"

Parliament

a part of a government that makes laws; the legislative branch of government; referred to as Parliament in Great Britain and many other countries, but can have different names like Congress in the United States of America

petition

to make a formal request

social reform movement

An attempt by a group of people who attempt to make positive change in society

suffrage

The right to vote

William Wilberforce

English Abolitionist, who, along with Thomas Clarkson led the movement to end slavery in the British empire

women’s rights movement

An attempt to bring social, political And economic rights to women

geocentric

Earth Centered (Placing earth at the center of the universe)

Ptolemaic system

A model of the universe constructed by philosophers of the middle ages that was based on ideas of ptolemy A second century astronomer

heliocentric

Sun centered) Placing the sun at the center of the universe

universal law of Gravitation

Law of nature, by Isaac Newton, that states every object in the universe is attracted to every other object called gravity

rationalism

A system of thought based up belief, That reason is the chief source of knowledge

Scientific method

A systematic procedure for collecting analyzing evidence

inductive reasoning

Reasoning from particular facts to principles

ptolemy, archimedes, and plato made…

writings that helped the Renaissance humanists that held scientific knowledge

copernicus, kepler, galilei, and newton were..

mathematician who believed the secrets of nature were written on the language of mathematics. They developed new theories that became the foundation of the scientific revolution

Philosophe

an intellectual of the enlightenment

separation of powers

The division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances

deism

an 18th century, religious philosophy, based on the idea that the world is a machine, and that God is a mechanic who created the world and allows it to run without his interference, according to its own natural laws

Laissez-faire

To let people do what they want, the beliefs that the government should not interfere in economic matters

social contract

In the theories of philosopher, such as Locke and rousseau An agreement among individuals that they will be governed by the general will

salon

Elegant, drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class in which writers artist, aristocrats and government officials gathered to take part in conversations that were often centered on the ideas of the philosophers

enlightenment thinkers

people who believe that human beings are born with fundamental basic rights, including the right to life liberty property in the freedom to find happiness

The social contract

enlightenment idea where citizens give up freedom. They would have a state of nature like the freedom to rob and kill people and in exchange the government protect citizens right to life, liberty and property.

consent of the governed

And enlightenment idea where governments had a responsibility to hold up their end of the social contract and if the government failed and citizens would no longer agree to be governed, and they would have the right to revolt

republicanism

The enlightenment idea that countries leader should be chosen by citizens in a general election

rococo

an artistic style in the 18th century that emphasize grace charm and gentle action

enlightened absolutism

A type of monarchy in which rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers

Thomas Hobbes

English writer of levaithan Believe people were naturally wicked a strong government is needed

John Locke

English writer of Two Treatises on Government

Believe people are the source of power

Government must protect our natural rights

montesquieu

French writer of on the spirit of laws

Wrote importance of a separation of powers

This provides checks and balances

rousseau

French writer of the social contract government is an agreement or contract between ruler and people people give up some rights and Return for protect protection

voltaire

Writer of freedom of speech, religious, toleration, and Separation of church and state

Mary Wollstonecraft

English advocate for women’s rights Wrote a vindication of the rights of women

sovereignty

The supreme, absolute, and independent authority of a state or governing body to rule over itself and it’s territory

freedom of speech

voltaire

natural right

Locke

separation of power

Montesquieu

social contract

rousseau

leviathan

hobbes.

The spirit of laws

montesquieu

candide

voltaire

Frederick the great

prussia. promoted religious tolerance education and legal reform

Catherine the great

Russia. used enlightenment ideas to support education legal reform and religious tolerance. tried to reform laws, support the arts and sciences

what did Diderot publish?

The first true encyclopedia

montesquieus most famous work

The spirit of laws

mother Theresa

Austria. Improved Education, strengthen the government, improve legal system, and reduce some torture and harsh punishments

what did voltaire publish?

Candide

Catherine the great takes over power in Russia after…

Her husband dies