Dental Science Unit 1 Exam

study of shape & structure of the human body?

anatomy

study of the function of the human body?

physiology

what are the 2 vertical planes?

midsagittal

sagittal

aka midline, median; dividing body into equal right & left?

midsagittal

any vertical plane dividing body into uneven right & left?

sagittal

horizontal plane that divides into superior (up/above) & inferior (down/below) at any level?

transverse

frontal; divides into anterior & posterior?

coronal

what are the 4 basic anatomic reference systems?

planes & body directions

structural units

body cavities

body regions

life begins as a single ___ —> 7.5 trillion?

cell

cells have the ability to?

react to stimulus

transform nutrients into energy

reproduce

grow

vary in shape

cells have lifespan of?

days to yrs

cells have different functions aka?

differentiations

parts of a cell?

cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

ability to select how it interacts w/other cells or molecules; nutrients in, waste out?

cell membrane

gel like fluid, made of mostly H2O; contains small organs that have own functions?

cytoplasm

“control center”, each cell has at least 1; contains complete set of body’s chromosomes; RBC lose nucleus over time, muscles cells > 1 nucleus?

nucleus

millions of cells joined together?

tissues

what are the 4 types of tissues?

epithelial

connective

muscle

nerve

covering/lining; external & internal; have many functions?

epithelial tissue

support; many functions (ex: tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, blood, lymph, & fat)?

connective tissue

ability to shorten & lengthen; how our body is able to move?

muscle tissue

coordinate & control body activities; communication through impulses, react to environmental changes?

nerve tissue

several types of tissues grouped together to form a function?

organs

group of organs that work together to perform a function?

body systems

what are the 11 major body systems?

lymphatic

circulatory

skeletal

nervous

digestive

respiratory

reproductive

immune

integumentary

endocrine

muscular

what are the 2 main body cavities?

dorsal

ventral

“back of body”?

dorsal

examples of dorsal body cavity?

cranial cavity - brain

spinal cavity - spinal cord

“front of body”?

ventral

examples of ventral body cavity?

thoracic cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus, & trachea

abdominal cavity - stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, MOST of intestines

pelvic cavity - other part of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, & internal reproductive organs

what are the 2 body regions?

axial

appendicular

head, neck, & trunk?

axial

arms & legs?

appendicular

2 things are on the same side?

ipsilateral

2 things on opposite side?

contralateral

proximal can mean what 3 different things?

toward trunk; like “medial”

part of body closest to attachment (opposite is distal)

mesial/distal (interproximal)

axial skeleton consists of?

skull

spine

ribcage

sternum

appendicular skeleton consists of?

shoulders

arms

hands

hips

legs

feet

bone weighs about?

20 pounds

bone is a?

living connective tissue

can repair itself when injured?

bone

function of bones?

produce blood cells

store minerals

protect organs

allow movement

support/shape our body

bone is made of what inorganic minerals?

collagen

calcium phosphate

calcium carbonate

protein that provides flexibility?

collagen

minerals that provides strength?

calcium phosphate

calcium carbonate

bones also contain?

blood vessels

nerves

lymph

layers of bone?

periosteum

compact bone (cortical bone)

cancellous bone (spongy bone)

thin membrane of connective tissue, contains nerves & blood vessels, covers OUTER surface of all bones except ends of long bones (endosteum)?

periosteum

the periosteum is responsible for?

bone growth & repair

nutrient uptake

waste removal

life of bone

what 2 layers does the periosteum consist of?

outer layer

inner layer

more fibrous, where muscles attach?

outer layer of periosteum

loose connective tissue, contains osteoblasts (bone building cells) & anchored to bone by sharpey’s fibers (hold tooth in socket)?

inner layer of periosteum

outer layer, dense. tightly packed bone cells; not a solid structure, blood vessels run through it?

compact bone (cortical bone)

what cells are part of compact (cortical) bone?

osteoclasts

cells that dissolve or resorb the calcium in bone when stressed or damaged (orthodontic possible)?

osteoclasts

trabecular bone; inner layer, very lightweight, not as strong as compact bone, protects bone marrow?

cancellous bone (spongy bone)

spicules of bone that form a honeycomb/sponge-like appearance?

trabeculae

cancellous (spongy) bone gives strength w/o?

weight

what layer of bone is affected by osteoporosis?

cancellous (spongy) bone

connective tissue, strong, more elastic than bone, contains no blood vessels, found at ends of bones, nose, & ears?

cartilage

an articulation, 2 or more things come together?

joints

what are the 3 types of joints?

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

very slight movement; suture & gomphoses?

fibrous joints

skull joint; jagged line where skull bones articulate?

suture

joint between teeth & alveolar bone?

gomphoses

allow for slight movement?

cartilaginous joints

very movable, lined w/a bursa (fibrous sac filled w/synovial fluid) - acts like a cushion?

synovial joints

different types of synovial joints?

ball & socket

hinge

gliding

pivot

saddle

shoulders/hips, allows for flexion & extension, limited rotation?

ball & socket

elbow, only allows for movement in 1 direction?

hinge

wrist, allows for bones to slide?

gliding

certain vertebrae, allows for rotation?

pivot

allows for thumb to touch fingers?

saddle

bone infection —> inflammation, swelling (edema), poor circulation to bone, pus can form & cause pressure within bone causing fracture?

osteomyelitis

loss of cancellous bone, causes bone to become brittle?

osteoporosis

maxillary bones do not fuse?

cleft palate

bone —> cartilage can tear?

fracture

degeneration of jaw joint, can be dislocated or inflamed?

temporomandibular joint disorder

abnormal curvature of spine?

scoliosis

joint inflammation?

arthritis

osteosarcoma?

bone cancer

skull fuses together too early?

craniosynostosis

any prominence on a bone surface?

process

large, convex prominence, usually at a joint?

condyle

rounded surface, projecting from bone by a neck?

head

large, rough, attachment site for muscles or tendons?

tuberosity

shaped like a bridge?

arch

horn-like prominence?

cornu

rounded elevation on bony surface?

tubercle/eminence

prominent, often roughened border or ridge?

crest

straight, small ridge?

line

abrupt prominence of bone that may be blunt or sharply pointed?

spine

indentation at edge of bone?

notch

shallow depression or groove; usually marks the course of an artery or nerve?

sulcus

depression, attachment area for muscles or other functions?

fossa

window-like opening?

foramen

long, narrow, tube-like opening?

canal

type of canal?

meatus

narrow, cleft-like opening?

fissure

2 flat bones come together, jagged?

suture