CD422 Exam #2

Nontypological View of Aphasia

Views aphasia as a unitary disorder; deficits cross all modalities; classified by severity (mild, moderate, severe).

Typological View of Aphasia

Believes there are distinct types of aphasia; one or more language modalities may be impacted.

Cognitive View of Aphasia

Assumes language impairment involves cognitive impairment; damage affects underlying processes like memory and thinking.

Social View of Aphasia

Believes aphasia affects more than language and cognition; impacts participation and interaction in the world.

Dual-Stream Model

Interacting neural pathways connecting cerebral regions; includes dorsal (production) and ventral (comprehension) streams.

Dorsal Stream

Speech production pathway; primarily left hemisphere.

Ventral Stream

Auditory comprehension pathway; bilateral involvement.

Intraoperative Language Mapping

Assesses brain function during surgery; shows speech/language requires integration of multiple brain structures.

Lesion-Symptom Mapping

Uses imaging to localize brain damage and connect lesions with symptoms.

Anomia

Word-finding difficulty; "I know what I want to say, I just can't say it."

Paraphasia

Word or sound substitution error.

Semantic Paraphasia

Whole word substitution that is semantically related.

Random Paraphasia

Whole word substitution not related to intended word.

Neologistic Paraphasia

Made-up word substitution.

Phonemic Paraphasia

Sound substitution within a word.

Disorders of Fluency

Poor articulatory agility, short utterances, off melodic line, incorrect grammar.

Apraphia

Difficulty with writing.

Alexia

Difficulty with reading.

Fluent Aphasia Pattern

Flowing but possibly empty or jargon-filled speech.

Nonfluent Aphasia Pattern

Short utterances (often 4 words or fewer), agrammatic, disrupted articulation.

Receptive Aphasia

Primarily impacts comprehension.

Expressive Aphasia

Primarily impacts speech production.

Perisylvian

Located near the Sylvian fissure.

Extrasylvian

Located farther from the Sylvian fissure.

Subcortical

Located deep within the brain.

General Aphasia Characteristic: Circumlocution

Ability to talk around a word to convey meaning.

General Aphasia Characteristic: Stereotypic Utterances

Repetitive, fixed expressions.

General Aphasia Characteristic: Lack of Awareness

May not recognize communication breakdown.

Aphasia Is NOT

Dementia, confused language, schizophrenia, or neurogenic motor speech disorders.

Four Methods of Classifying Aphasia

Fluency, repetition ability, auditory comprehension, and presence of anomia.

Broca's Aphasia

Nonfluent aphasia with agrammatic speech, poor repetition, relatively intact comprehension, anomia, possible hemiplegia or hemiparesis.

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

Nonfluent aphasia with intact repetition, anomia, agrammatism, preserved automatic speech, relatively intact comprehension.

Transcortical Mixed Aphasia

Severely impaired comprehension, anomia, echolalia, preserved automatic speech, severe reading and writing deficits.

Global Aphasia

Severely reduced fluency, impaired comprehension, anomia, impaired reading and writing.

Wernicke's Aphasia

Fluent, jargon-filled speech, poor comprehension, impaired repetition, severe anomia, lack of insight.

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Fluent aphasia with good repetition, poor comprehension, anomia, relatively preserved oral reading.

Conduction Aphasia

Impaired repetition (hallmark), good comprehension, paraphasias, anomia, frustration with errors.

Anomic Aphasia

Persistent severe anomia with otherwise relatively intact language, normal syntax, intact repetition.

Primary Progressive Aphasia

Gradual language loss due to neuronal degeneration; other cognitive processes initially intact.