AP Euro FlashCard Set

Renisance

renewed interest in learning and the arts lasted from the 14th through 16th centuries

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Giorolamo Savonarola

After the Medici family was removed from power he establised a theoracy in Florence with the help of france who invaded Italy. Was burned at the stake after the french were removed from italy

Charles VIII

Led French invasions of Italy that made it a battleground for international ambitious between France and Spain and effectively ended the sovereignty of most Italian city-states

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." Most influential source on gaining and maintaining power in modern european history

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

virtu

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Civic Humanism

education should prepare leaders who would be active in civic affairs

Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Brumi

wrote history of Florence, division of historical periods, narrative form, civic humanist

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Baldassare Castiglione

An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman. People should be well read in classics, Women were ornaments to their husbands

Printing Press

Spread humanistic literature to the rest of europe

Patronage

Peoples commissioned art

Chiaroscuro

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

Sfumato

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

Humanism in renaissance art

Pagan themes evident in Botticelli's Birth of Venus, Raphael's School of Athens

Glorification of the human body evident in such works as Michelangelo's David, and the

Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel

Bronze used in Donatello's David; marble used in Michelangelo's David and Pieta

Architectural works drew on ancient Greek and Roman designs such as domes (Il Duomo

and St. Peter's Basilica) and Greek Temple Architecture (Bramante's Tempietto and front

of St. Peter's Basilica)

Christan humanism

is the belief that human freedom and individualism are intrinsic (natural) parts of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice. It is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles.

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe he wrote the praise of folly criticized the immortality and hypocrisy of CHurch leaders

Thomas More

wrote Utopia, which describes an ideal and peaceful society in which people live in peace, all are educated, and crime is eliminated

Michel de Montaigne

(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas

Manerist (art form)

Characteristics are unnatural colors and shapes were elongated or exaggerated

querelles des femmes

"arguments about women." A centuries-old debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found additional support in the new anatomy and medicine. Women were able to enjoy increased access to education

Persecution of Witches

- result of social unrest and need to place blame in the 13th century for disasters

- seen as caused by Satan, rejection of God

- persecution, torture for confession, killed

- many accused not mentally ill

New Monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church in which they reduced the power of the nobility through taxation and confiscation of lands . Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.

Opposition of New Monarchs

Nobels resented the decline in their political influence, clergy members saw the pope as their leader not the monarch

Spain

Expulsion of the jews

Hermandades

popular groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces and as judicial tribunals with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence.

Hapsburg Empire

Central European empire that lasted from the 1400s to the 1900s and at its height included the lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Price Revolution

period in European history when inflation rose rapidly

Significance of the Commercial Revolution

o Slow transition from a European society that was almost completely rural and isolated to a

society that was more developed with the emergence of towns.

o Enabled the emergence of more powerful nation states

o Brought about the age of exploration as competing nations sought to create new empires

overseas

o The "price revolution"

o Bourgeoisie grew in political and economic significance

o Increased standard of living

o African slave trade emerged

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Mestizos

children of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry

Causes of Protestant Reformation

Church Corruption (indulgences, usury forbidden, low morals); Power struggles; influence of the Renaissance

impact of renaissance humanism

Christian humanists of the Northern Renaissance criticized the church (e.g. Erasmus) and

questioned the validity of the Latin Vulgate (Catholic Bible)

❖ Eventually led to reforms in the Catholic church during the Catholic Reformation

▪ The Italian Renaissance was at times marked by a de-emphasis on religion while

emphasizing secularism and individualism among high church leaders

▪ Ulrich Zwingli (see below) was trained as a humanist and as a preacher he used Erasmus'

edition of the Greek New Testament

▪ John Calvin (see below) was influenced by humanism, especially the writings of Erasmus

▪ After Martin Luther's reformation, humanists turned many monasteries into schools

▪ Catholic church abuses were reformed

Diet of Worms

Had the power to outlaw or to sentence to burning at the stake

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.

Confession of Augsburg

The main writings of Lutheranism; written by Luters friend, Philip Melanchthon with Salvation through faith alone, the bible as the sole authority, priesthood of all believers, two sacraments

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. Temporaily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Tragedy at Munster

Protestants and Catholics capture city and execute anabaptist leaders

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Huguenots

French Protestants

Luther on women

believed role of women was wife and mother but believed that should be educated

Calvin on Women

Women should be subjugated

Catholic Women

Women continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious orders

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Baroque Art

Tenebrism, color was an important element bc it appealed to the senses, designed to give spontaneous personal experience

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.