Psych Exam #2

consciousness

awareness of our environments and our own mental processes

sublimation

a socially unacceptable wnt or activity is replaced by an acceptable one

3 components of personality ego

• acts as a manager, trying to satisfy needs of Id in accordance with whats realistic and moral (superego)

• works according to the reality principle

• control id, keep it in check

• denies, or delays, gratification

Id

instinctual sexual or aggressive energy

• works according to pleasure principle (immediate gratification of desires)

• irrational and selfish

Superego

• ideals, morals, conscience; concern with whats right

• often in conflict with Id

Freudian: unconscious

processes inaccessible to consciousness because they have been repressed (kept from consciousness thought because it brings too much anxiety)

Freudian: Preconscious

processes not presently conscious, but could be quickly ex. quiz game like jeopardy

Freudian: Conscious

processes for which a person is subjectively aware

The Iceberg Model

compares the human mind to an iceburg, showing that only a small part of our thoughts is visible (conscious), while a massive force remains hidden below the surface (unconscious)

Nature/Nurture

development is the product of combined biological and environmental factors

What is development?

development is the product of combined biological and environmental factors

What did Mulcaster define as nature

biological endowment how called genetic inheritance

What did Mulcaster define as nurture?

environmental conditions in which an individual develops

According to Mulcaster, how do nature and nurture affect development?

together, the two forces impact child development

What did Galton tend to look for?

the importance of one force over the other

What did Galton claim about nature and intellectual abilities?

Nature predominated over nurture in explaining differences in intellectual abilities.

What did Galton’s work begin?

Beginning of nature/nurture debate

What are some symptoms of depression?

Extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss interest in activities

what other symptoms can depression include?

bad sleep, appetite, and self-esteem

what is one biological/genetic risk factor for depression?

about 50% of people with depression have some family history

how may genes affect depression?

genes may affect the production or use of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine

what do cognitive theories say causes depression?

depression result from negative thinking

What is Aaron Beck’s approach to depression?

Negative views of self, environment, and the future and magnifies errors and misfortunes

what is the biopsychosocial explanation of depression?

genetics, early gene-environments interactions, physiology, and cognitions make some more vulnerable

What does vulnerability (predisposition) mean in depression?

The more vulnerable someone is the less stress it taxes to produce depression

What is the diathesis-stress model?

both a predisposition and precipitating event needed for the disorder to develop.

What are examples of precipitating events in the diathesis-stress model?

death in family, divorce, moving away to college

What is major depressive disorder?

short bursts/shorter timelines; clinical depression; acute sadness and loss of interest or pleasure for at least two weeks

what is persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?

sympotoms not as pure as manor depression; chronic, depressed mood for more days than not over 2+ years

symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, inappropriate emotions and a small range of emotions

delusions

thoughts inconsistent with reality

biological brain anatomy/neurotransmitter risk factors for schizophrenia

dopamine and probably glutamate involved

what are many relevant schizophrenia genes involved in

the formation and loss of synaptic connections

ventricles

hollow, fluid-filled areas of the brain

how are ventricles related to schizophrenia

ventricles are larger in people with schizophrenia

environmental risks for schizophrenia

pregnancy and birth complications; childhood head injury; stress, perhaps especially during adolescence

paranoid schizophrenia

strong delusions and auditory hallucinations, often involving intense suspicion or fears that others were plotting against them

disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia

incoherent speech, disorganized behavior, and flat or inappropriate emotional responses

catatonic schizophrenia

extreme physical changes, ranging from a rigid lack of movement and mutism to random, hyperactive movement

undifferentiated schizophrenia

general symptoms of psychosis that did not clearly fit into paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic categories

Residual schizophrenia

when major psychotic episodes stopped, but milder or “negative“ symptoms lingered

negative symptoms of residual schizophrenia

a lack of motivation or emotional flatness

model appropriate for schizophrenia

diathesis-stress model

3 major issues in developmental research

1. cultural differences in raising babies

2. some pressures for american parents

3. cognitive development in infants and children

sensorimotor (0-2 yrs.)

experiencing world through senses and actions; looking, mouthing, touching; learning object permanence

object permanence

something still exists even if you cant see it

preoperational (2-7 yrs.)

represent things with words and images, but literally and without logical reason; also not much ability to see anothers perspective

concrete operational (7-11yrs.)

logical thinking about observable, straight forward events, making analogies

what children understand in concrete operational stage

abstract qualities such as conservation of mass and volume

Formal operational (12-adult)

abstract and moral reasoning; understanding ‘what if’ hypotheticals

Piagets 4 stages in order

sensorimotor → preoperational → concrete operational → formal operational

Schema

mental structure or framework that organizes and interprets information (mental representation)

assimilation

incorporation interpreting new information in terms of existing knowledge

accommodation

adjustment, modifying existing knowledge in response to new input

criticisms of Piagets theory

research methods, underestimation of young minds, and rigid stage model

Vygotskys views focused on

culture and the importance of adult interaction

why are culture and adult interaction vital according to vygotsky

children learn through talking with adults informally and through formal teaching

how culture affects childrens cognitive development

children acquire content of their knowledge and processes or ways of thinking

what does culture offer children

the processes or ways of thinking, the cognitive tools (how to learn)

3 features of social development in infants and children

1. want to be near caregiver

2. separation anxiety

3. cling to caregiver when frightened

attachment

the deep emotional bond that develops between an infant and a primary caregiver, helping the child feel safe and secure

How Ainsworth measure attachment

a childs response to mother after brief separation (“strange situation”)

percentage secure attachment

60%

How secure attachment appear

explore while shes gone but approach her upon return

percentage had insecure-avoidant attachment

20%

How insecure-avoidant attachment appear

not distressed while gone; resist proximity upon return

percentage had insecure-ambivalent attachment

15%

Insecure-ambivalent appear

upset while gone; both clingy and angry upon return

percentage had disoriented/disorganized attachment

5%

disoriented/disorganized attachment appear

no clear patterns-confused-often occurs in maltreated children

Ainsworth’s types of attachment

• secure

• insecure-avoidant

• insecure-ambivalent or resistant

• disoriented/disorganized

attachment vary by culture

individualist versus collectivist

why do we sleep

were tired; it restores us/muscles, brain tissues and immune systems

how does sleep help protect us?

keep us away from harm at night

how does sleep help the immune system

aid the immune system

how does sleep help memory

helps us consolidate memories, help neuron repair

what are circadian rhythms

internal patterns of bodily functions that are 24 hour periods

what brain area is key to circadian rhythms?

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus

what does the SCN help synchronize

temperature, hunger, sleep, etc. on a synchronized schedule

what does the SCN receive input from

the retina, setting information about light/dark cycles

What does an EEG record

graphically records brain-wave activity through electrodes on the scalp and forehead

What are two ways EEG waves vary

frequency and amplitude

what is frequency

how far apart the waves are from each other

what is amplitude

the overall height of the wave

What is stage 1 (NREM Alpha)

Transition between being awake and rest; last around 1-5 minutes

what happens during stage 1

heartbeat, breathing, eye movements slow; muscles relax; brain waves slow

what can happen to muscles during stage 1

sudden minor twitches or a sensation of falling

What is Stage 2 (NREM theta)

occurs shortly after stage 1; about 45-50% of total sleep

What happens to body temp in stage 2

body temp drops

What happens to eye movements in stage 2

eye movements stop completely

what are sleep spindles

short bursts or rapid activity during stage 2

What are k-complexes

they shield you from waking up

What is stage 3 (NREM Delta)

occurs early in the night during the first few cycles

How much sleep is stage 3

Roughly 20-25% of total sleep

What happens to heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure in stage 3

they drop to their lowest levels

What brain waves occur in stage 3

slow delta waves

why is stage 3 important

physical recovery, tissue repair, immune support, and growth hormone release

When does REM occur

about 90 minutes after first falling asleep; repeats and lengthens towards morning

how much sleep is REM

roughly 25% of total sleep

What happens to the eyes during REM

eyes move rapidly behind closed lids