Packaging - Quiz 3 - Chapters 6, 7

[What is the difference between softwood and hardwood as a source of wood pulp for papermaking?]

Different fiber lengths and different properties.

[Name the two main methods of separating cellulose fibers from wood. What are their advantages and disadvantages?]

Mechanical pulping is fast and inexpensive

[What is the standard international test environment for paper and paperboard? Why is it important?]

23°C and 50% relative humidity. Standard conditions ensure consistent

[Why is it difficult to print natural kraft paper?]

Its fibrous surface and brown color do not lend themselves to fine printing.

[What does hygroscopic mean?]

Paper absorbs and loses moisture according to ambient relative humidity and temperature.

[What are MD and CD? Why do they matter to carton designers?]

MD = machine direction; CD = cross direction. Paper properties differ in these directions

[How does fiber length affect paper properties?]

Longer fibers improve entanglement and strength

[What are the two main types of papermaking machines

and how do they differ?]

[What is a 20-point board?]

Board with a thickness of 0.020 inch.

[How is paper caliper specified in metric and inch/pound units?]

Metric: micrometers (μm). Inch/pound: points

[What is the principal paper coating material

and what does it do?]

[What is the difference between hard-sized and slack-sized paper?]

Hard-sized paper is highly water-resistant; slack-sized paper has little or no water hold-out.

[What are the benefits and problems of postconsumer waste paper?]

It is plentiful and reduces costs

[What are the strongest and weakest papermaking pulps?]

Chemical pulp is strongest; mechanical pulp is weakest.

[What paperboard is commonly used for beverage baskets?]

SUS-SUB paperboard.

[What does peeling paperboard into seven layers indicate?]

It was produced on a cylinder papermaking machine.

[What is the difference between brightness and whiteness?]

Brightness measures white-light reflectance; whiteness describes perceived color.

[What kind of pulp is kraft paper made from

and what are its distinguishing characteristics?]

[What is the difference between paper and paperboard?]

Paper is less than 300 μm (0.012 in) thick; paperboard is greater than 300 μm (0.012 in) thick.

[What might indicate that paperboard contains recycled material?]

Contaminants such as color bits

[Which is stronger: mechanical softwood pulp or mechanical hardwood pulp?]

Mechanical softwood pulp.

[What is the problem with making thick paperboard on a conventional Fourdrinier machine?]

Water from each new layer must drain through fibers already laid down

[Why are paper products specified by both caliper and grammage (basis weight)?]

Caliper describes thickness

[What does hygroexpansive mean

and where can it affect packaging?]

[Name two typical softwoods and two typical hardwoods.]

Softwoods: pine and spruce. Hardwoods: aspen and maple.

[How would you evaluate a tear strip around a box?]

Use the Elmendorf Tear test.

[What problem can highly sized board cause in a folding carton?]

It may not absorb printing ink properly.

[What is chipboard made from

and where is it used?]

[What does the Cobb test measure?]

The amount of water absorbed by a specified paper area in a specified time; it evaluates sizing and water resistance.

[What is glassine

and where is it used?]

[What paper properties does calendering affect?]

Caliper consistency

[What properties does refinement affect? What applications favor low and high refinement?]

It affects tear strength

[Which characteristic is highest in the machine direction: tear

fold endurance

[What is formation

what affects it

[What is the moisture content of paper at standard test conditions?]

Approximately 7%.

[Why might foil-laminated label stock curl?]

Paper expands and contracts with humidity

[What factors determine whether to design a tuck-end carton or a glued-end carton?]

Consider the product

[Name four product characteristics that affect board selection.]

Weight; whether the product is wet or moist; whether it is greasy or oily; and whether it may tear or burst the package.

[Name four machining or filling needs that affect carton design.]

Tuck or glue ends; vertical or horizontal loading; required opening size; and irregular shape.

[What retailing and merchandising needs affect carton design?]

Whether the product needs support or restraint

[What is the working score?]

The pair of scores normally not adjacent to the glue flap.

[What is double gluing

and when is it specified?]

[What paper would you specify for an ice cream box?]

Paperboard coated with polyethylene or wax.

[Which panel on a folding carton is generally the principal display panel?]

The front panel between the two side panels; it is the main display panel and is not adjacent to the glue flap.

[What are the disadvantages of an airplane-style tuck carton?]

It has minimal friction fit

[Himes and 1-2-3 closures are usually used on what cartons?]

Manually assembled cartons for heavier products.

[What is the difference between a Beers tray and a Brightwood tray?]

Beers trays are shipped knocked down; Brightwood trays remain erected once assembled.

[What are the principal advantages and disadvantages of a set-up box?]

Advantages: upscale appearance

[In what direction is scored paperboard folded: away from the valley or toward the valley?]

Away from the valley side of the score.

[A carton measures 90 × 20 × 40 mm versus 20 × 40 × 90 mm. Explain the difference.]

Dimensions are listed as length × width × depth. Length and width define the opening; depth is perpendicular to it.

[Which direction does the machine direction run in a typical tube-style folding carton?]

The grain or machine direction usually runs around the carton perimeter

[What is the disadvantage of irregular carton shapes?]

They are harder to pack and ship

[What type of board might be used for a set-up box?]

Heavy

[What is the difference between vertical end-loading

horizontal end-loading

[What is a slit lock?]

Slits in the tuck flap engage shoulders cut into the dust flaps

[At what points is a customer typically asked to sign off?]

Structural design and samples; production die samples; digital proofs and artwork on the dieline; and final press approval.

[Why is customer sign-off critically important?]

Each sign-off confirms approval of the details at that stage and makes the customer responsible for checking those details.

[What is the general process for bringing a carton design into production?]

Review customer needs → develop designs → approve hand sample → create digital records and die → develop artwork → approve proofs → make and mount plates → obtain final press approval.

[Why should folding cartons be erected and filled soon after production?]

Cartons are best run within approximately 90 days of manufacture.