Neurobio: Exam 3 Personal Review

Light Circadian Rhythm Pathway

Melanopsin RGCs → glutamate to SCN → Inhibit PVN

Dark Circadian Rhythm Pathway

No SCN excitation → release PVN inhibition → glutamate ILC → ACh to SCG → Noradrenaline to pineal gland → Melatonin Release

On Old Olympus’ Towering Top, a Finn and German Vended Some Hops

1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Occulomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Auditory-Vestibular
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

Erection Pathway in Rats

VNO → MA → mPOA → Midbrain → Reticular Formation → Spine → Erectile Muscles

Layers of the Olfactory Bulb

GCL → IPL → MCL → EPL → GL → ONL → Cortex

(GIMEGOC)

Olfactory Transduction Pathway

Odorants bind to receptor → Golf → upregulate cGMP → open cGMP gated ion channels → Na+ and Ca2+ flow into cell → open Ca2+ gated Cl- channels → Cl- flows out of cell → cell depolarizes → receptor potential

Innervation of Extraocular Muscles

SO4-LR6-EE3

Superior Oblique = CN-4

Lateral Rectus = CN-6

Everything Else = CN-3

M-type layers of LGN

Layers 1 & 2

P-type layers of LGN

Layers 3-6

Contralateral layers of LGN

1, 4, & 6

Ipsilateral Layers of LGN

2, 3, & 5

Spiny Stellate Cell Layer

IVC

Pyramidal Cell Layers

IVB, V, VI

Magnocellular Layer

IVC alpha

Parvocellular layer

IVC beta

Koniocellular Layers

I & II

Which layers can synapse with pyramidal cells from all layers?

III & IVC beta

Most layer II cells are _?

Binocular

Output of layers 2, 3, & 4C alpha

Other Cortical Areas

Output of Layer 4C beta

Superior Colliculus & Pons

Output of Layer 6

LGN

Blobs are centered on ocular columns in what layer?

Layer 4

Monocular Layers

Layer 4C: Similar to LGN Cells

Layer 4C alpha: insensitive to wavelength

Layer 4C beta: center-surround color opponency

Binocular Layers

Most layers superficial to layer 4C

M-type cell Projection

Magnocellular → Layer 4C alpha → Layer 4B → Extrastriate Cortical Areas

NonM-nonP type Cell Projection

Koniocellular → Blobs → Extrastriate Cortical Areas

P-type Cell Projection

Parvocellular → 4C beta → Interblob layers → Extrastriate Cortical Areas

Dorsal Stream

Navigation, Eye Movement, Motion

Akinetopsia

Inability to perceive movement; Originates from damage to dorsal stream

Ventral Stream

Shape & Color, Visual Perception & Memory

Achromatopsia

Inability to perceive color; Results from damage to ventral stream

Prosopagnosia

Difficulty recognizing faces; Results from damage to Ventral Stream