unit 1 BioL 100

What are the core concept of Biology?

Information, organization (structure and function), energy and matter, evolution, interactions (systems)

Are most animals vertebrates or invertebrates?

Vertebrates

What is the highest and lowest taxonomic level?

Domains are the largest, which species are the smallest

What are the three domains?

Archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya

Definition of cells

The smallest living things

Definition of organelles

Membrane-bound structures inside cells that carry out specialized functions

Are membrane bound organelles found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Only eukaryotes

How many cells do prokaryotes have per organism?

One

How many cells do eukaryotes have per organism?

One or more

How big are prokaryotes?

~1-10 micrometer

How big are eukaryotes?

~10-100 micrometers

Which domain does prokaryotes include?

Bacteria and archaea

What domains do eukaryotes include?

Eukarya

What are some similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

They both have a cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and watery interiors

What does a cell membrane do?

It separates self from non-self

What does DNA do for the cell?

It stores genetic information

What do ribosomes do for the cell?

They make protein

What are atoms?

They are tiny units of matter

What are atoms made of?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

What are protons?

They are positively, and located in the atom

What are electrons?

Negatively charges and orbit nucleus

What are neutrons?

No charge and located in nucleus

What are protons and neutrons and electrons called?

Subatomic particles

Which subatomic particle is the lightest?

Electrons

What is an element?

A type of atom

Each unique element has a different number of blank?

Protons

What is a substance made of all one element?

Still an element

A substance made of more than one element is called?

A compound

What are humans mostly made of?

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Why are hydrogen and oxygen so important?

Because water, about 60% of the mass of most animals and 95% of some plants are made of water

Why is nitrogen so important?

It composes most protein structures and DNA

Why is carbon so important?

Prevalent element found in all living organisms, “carbon-based life forms”

What are groups in the periodic table?

The columns, vertical

What are periods in the periodic table?

They are rows, horizontal

How many electrons are in the first shell?

2 electrons

How many electrons are in the second shell?

8 electrons

What is an ion?

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

Cation meaning

Positively charged ion

What is an anion?

A negative charged ion

What is happening in a ionic bond?

Two oppositely charged atoms attract each other

What is a covalent bond?

When two atoms share a pair of electrons

What do covalent bonds do?

They hold together atoms in a single unit called a molecule

What bond is strong even in water?

Covalent

Why do covalent bonds form?

To allow two element to become more stable by?

What kind of bond do water molecules make?

Polar covalent bond

The left side of the periodic table is positive or negative?

Positive

The right side of the periodic table is positive or negative?

Negative

Electronegativity

The measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself

The right side of the periodic table is positive or negative?

Negative

Which element is extremely electronegative?

Oxygen

What are the different kinds of covalent bonds?

Polar and nonpolar

What does polar covalent bond mean?

When one atom is much more electronegative than the other

What does nonpolar covalent bond mean

When the atoms have similar electronegativity

What are some polar covalent bonds?

O-H, O-C, N-H

What are some nonpolar covalent bonds?

C-H, C-C, O-O

How do hydrogen bonds act in water?

The partial positive charges on H are attracted to partial negative charges

Can other molecules for H-Bonds too

Yes

What situation can H-bonds form

When hydrogen is in a polar covalent bond

Can water H bond to polar molecules?

Yes

What happens when water H-bonds to polar molecules?

The polar molecules dissolve

What does dissolve mean?

Becoming incorporated into solution

What happens when glucose dissolves?

It’s covalent bonds remain intact; it just forms new hydrogen bonds

Can hydrogen bonding break ionic bonds?

Yes

How do hydrogen bonds break ionic bonds?

Water can break those ionic bonds with its own partial charges

Hydrophilic meaning?

Attracted to water or dissolves in water

Hydrophobic definition

Repels or fails to mix with water

How do you know when something is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

Polar is gonna be hydrophilic, and non-polar is hydrophobic, any charged element/ion is polar so hydrophilic

Are ions polar or nonpolar?

Polar

What do corners equal when diagramming molecules?

Carbons

Is H assumes when corners are shown?

Yes

What do double lines mean when diagramming molecules?

Double covalent bonds

What are reactants?

The molecules before chemical reactions

What are products?

The molecules after the chemical reaction

Do chemical reactions create or destroy matter?

No they only rearrange it

N2 is about Blank % of the air we breath?

78%

What is one covalent bond

1 pair of shared electrons

What is a double covalent bond?

2 pairs of shared electrons

What is a triple covalent bond?

3 pairs of shared electrons

What are functional groups?

Important formations of elements that are involved in chemical reactions and important to the function of molecules

What are carbohydrates composed of? And what is the ratio?

C, H, O; 1:2:1

What are sweet tasting, small carbohydrates called?

Sugars

Can monosaccharides be broken down easily for energy?

Yes

Can monosaccharides be linked together to form polymers?

Yes

Is glucose a monosaccharide?

Yes

What are disaccharides?

Two monosaccharides linked together

Is table sugar a disaccharide

Yes

What are monomers?

The building blocks of polymers

What are polymers?

The large molecule built of repeating monomers

What are polysaccharides?

Polymers of carbohydrates, hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together

What are the two main functions of Polysaccharides?

Energy storage and structure

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

Starch and glycogen, built of many glucose monomers, cellulose

What does starch do?

Plant energy storage

What does glycogen do?

Animal energy storage

What is cellulose?

A chain of glucose and not digestible for humans

Do lipids readily dissolve in water?

Yes

Lipids have blank structures?

Diverse

What are lipids primarily composed of?

C,H, and O

What are phospholipids composed of?

Two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group

Phospholipid bilayer definition

Hydrophilic heads are attracted to water, but the hydrophobic tails are repelled water

Are amino acids polymers?

No, they are monomers