EARTH SCIENCE

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core

Four Main Layers Of Earth

Crust

thin outermost layer

includes land, mountains, oceans and soil.

sites of human activity and geological processes (earthquakes and volcanic eruption)

Cool and brittle

Continental and Oceanic crust

Two types of crust

Continental crust

-under land (thicker)

-composed of granite

Oceanic crust

-under ocean (thinner)

-composed of basalt

Mantle

-the thickest layer

-located below the crust

-extending about 2900 km (1800 miles) deep

-makes up about 84% of Earth's volume

-made of hot, semi-solid rock (magma)

- divided into upper mantle (solid)and lower mantle (denser and semi-fluid)

- composed of silicate rocks rich in iron and magnesium

2900 km (1800 miles)

The mantle extends about __________ deep

84%

The mantle takes up about ____ of Earth's volume

Magma

The mantle is made of hot, semi-solid rock called?

Upper And Lower Mantle

The mantle is divided into two parts and those are?

Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle

Two parts of mantle: _______ is solid whilst _______ is denser and semi-fluid

Convection Currents

Mantle slowly moves in a process called?

Earthquake, Volcanoes, and Movement of Continents

Convection current causes?

The Egg White

In the egg analogy, the mantle is what?

Outer Core

- the liquid layer

- surrounds solid inner core

- composed of liquid iron and nickel.

-about 2.300 km (1400 miles)

- Very hot (4.000-5000°C)

Liquid Iron And Nickel

The outer core is composed of?

2.300 km (1400 miles)

The outer core extends about?

4.000-5000°C

Temperature in the outer core

Magnetic Field

The outer core matters because convection currents here generates Earth's _________ through the geodynamo

Geodynamo

The outer core matters because convection currents here generates Earth's magnetic field through the?

The Runny Yolk

In the egg analogy, the outer core is what?

Inner Core

-Solid center

- composed of iron and nickel

-radius about 1,220 km (760 miles)

- it is solid bc cause of extreme pressure

- the hottest layer (5,700°C) as hot as sun's surface

Iron And Nickel

The inner core is composed of?

1,220 km (760 miles)

The inner core radius is about?

Extreme Pressure

The inner core is solid because of?

5,700°C

the hottest layer of inner core is ______ as hot as sun's surface

The Hard Boiled Egg

In the egg analogy, the inner core is what?

Solar System

- the sun and everything that orbits around it due to gravity

Sun

- huge, glowing ball of hot gas at the center of our Solar System

-Provides light and heat

-a star

-mostly made of hydrogen and helium

- 4.6 billion years old

- contains 99.8% of the Solar System's mass

Light And Heat

The sun provides?

Star

The sun is a?

Hydrogen And Helium

The sun is mostly made of what gases?

99.8%

The sun contains _____ of the Solar System's mass.

Nuclear Fusion

What makes the sun shine?

Core

Where does nuclear fusion happen?

Nuclear fusion

Hydrogen atoms combine to form Helium, ranewing a huge amount of energy

Hydrogen

In the nuclear fusion, ______ atoms combine to form Helium, renewing a huge amount of energy

Helium

In the nuclear fusion, Hydrogen atoms combine to form ________ renewing a huge amount of energy

Sunlight and Heat

The energy that travels outwards from the sun becomes?

Core

- the center

- 15 million °C

- where nuclear fusion happens

15 million °C

Temperature of the sun’s core is?

Radiative Zone

where the sun’s energy slowly moves outward as radiation.

Radiation

In the radiative zone the sun’s energy slowly moves outward as?

Convective zone

- hot gas rises, cool gas sinks (like boiling water)

Rises, Sinks

In the convective zone hot gas ______, cool gas _____ (like boiling water)

Photosphere

It is the surface of the sun we see.

5,500 °C

Temperature of the photosphere.

Chromosphere

The thin reddish layer above the sun‘s surface.

Corona

- outer most layer of the sun

- very hot and visible during solar eclipse

Solar Eclipse

The corona is very hot and visible during

Photosynthesis

The sun important because it powers?

Weather and Climate

the sun important because it drives?

Liquid

the sun important because it keeps water in _____ form

8 minutes

light from sun takes ______ to reach Earth

109

The sun is about ____ times wider than Earth.

1 million

You could fit about ______ earths inside the sun

Mercury

- closest planet to the sun

Hot, Freezing

Temperature in the Mercury is _____ at day, _______ at night

No

Does Mercury have an atmosphere?

Mercury

The smallest planet.

None

How many moons does Mercury have?

88 days

How long does Mercury travel around the sun?

Venus

- hottest planet

Carbon Dioxide

Venus has thick, toxic atmosphere filled with?

Backwards

The planet Venus spins?

Venus

Planet known as the twin sister of earth due to being close in size.

Earth

Which is larger, Earth or Venus?

1,600

Venus has more than ____ volcanoes

Methane and Sulfur

Venus atmosphere contains?

Bad

Venus greenhouse is ____ from earth

Earth

The only planet to support life for it has liquid water

One

How many moons does Earth have?

Theia

What was the name of the supposed to be fifth terrestrial planet that collided with Earth.

Mars

- the red planet

Olympus Mons

The largest volcano located in Mars.

Mars

There’s evidence of past water in what planet?

Mars

The second smallest planet

Deimos and Phobos

Mars has two moons named?

Valles Marineris

Mars has the deepest canyon called?

Goldilock Zones

Where Mars and Earth are located and is a habitable zone for potential life.

Jovian

The outer planets, has no solid surface, can hold large amount of moons. and supports ring system.

Gas and Ice

Jovian planets are known as _____ giants

Jupiter

The largest planet and is a gas giant

Hydrogen and Helium

Jupiter gas made mostly of?

Giant Red Spot

Jupiter is famous for a giant storm called?

79

How many moons does Jupiter have?

Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa

List the 4 largest moon discovered by Galileo

Galileo

Who discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter?

Brown Dwarf

Jupiter is also called as what because its a failed star?

8

How many planet earth can fit in red spot?