M2M Exam 1

frontal lobe

executive function, voluntary movement, speech, personality, working memory, motivation/reward

parietal lobe

somatosensory, proprioception, spatial awareness

occipital lobe

visual processing

temporal lobe

auditory processing, language, memory, emotional regulation

midbrain

relay center for visual and auditory processing and motor movement

pons

relay station that connects cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

houses nuclei of CN V-VIII

medulla

controls autonomic functions and relays signals between brain and spinal cord

houses nuclei of CN IX-XII

cerebellum

fine motor movement, balance, cognitive processing, emotional regulation

cerebral peduncles

part of midbrain

connect cerebrum to brain stem

infundibulum

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

pituitary gland

releases hormones and communicates to many other glands when to release hormones

trapezoid body

auditory processing and sound localization

pyramidal tracts

seen on medulla

white matter tract that carries conscious motor signals in upper motor neurons from cerebral cortex to spinal cord to control movement

mammillary body

recollective memory, spatial navigation, information relay

rhinencephalon

a collection of structures involved in processing olfactory information and linking them to associations

olfactory bulb

receives information directly from olfactory nerve; relay and processing station

pyriform area

processes and associates olfactory information from olfactory bulb

optic nerve

CN II

afferent nerve that carries visual information to the brain

oculomotor nerve

CN III

efferent nerve that carries information to the eyes

lid lifting and pupil constriction

trochlear nerve

CN IV

efferent nerve that carries information to the eyes

looking down and in

trigeminal nerve

CN V

carries both afferent and efferent information

facial sensations and chewing

abducens nerve

CN VI

efferent nerve that carries information to the eyes

looking out

facial nerve

CN VII

carries both afferent and efferent information

facial expressions; component of taste and saliva production

vestibulocochlear nerve

CN VIII

afferent nerve that carries hearing and balance information

glossopharyngeal nerve

CN IX

carries both afferent and efferent information

controls muscles of oral cavity and upper throat; component of taste and saliva production

vagus nerve

CN X

carries both afferent and efferent information

parasympathetic motor and sensory of organs in thoracic and upper abdominal cavities

accessory nerve

CN XI

efferent nerve of turning head and shrugging shoulders

hypoglossal nerve

CN XII

efferent nerve of tongue

dura mater

outermost meningeal layer that is thick and tough and provides mechanical protection of the brain

arachnoid mater

middle meningeal layer that provides stabilization and cushioning through CSF between it and the pia mater

pia mater

deepest meningeal layer that hugs the sulci and gyri, providing vascular supply and separating CSF from brain tissue

cingulate gyrus

lies on top of the corpus callosum

functions include sensory input, emotional experiences, memory, and motor control

hippocampus

encodes short-term memory into long-term memory, spatial navigation

fornix and fimbria

white matter tracts that connect the hippocampus to mammillary bodies, thalamus, and other regions

thalamus

major sensory relay station that processes and filters sensory information and sends it to other brain areas

lateral ventricles

contains choroid plexus which produces CSF

stores and circulates CSF for shock absorption and nutrient and waste regulation

third ventricle

surrounds the thalami, receives CSF from lateral ventricles, sends CSF to fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct

channel that CSF travels through from the third to fourth ventricle

4th ventricle

receives CSF from cerebral aqueduct and connects to the central canal of the spinal cord

corpus callosum

large white matter tract that connects the left and right hemispheres

pineal body

circadian rhythm regulation, secretes melatonin

superior colliculi

part of midbrain that coordinates rapid eye movements, head turns, and integration of sensory signals

inferior colliculi

part of midbrain that processes and integrates auditory information before sending it to the thalamus and auditory cortex

internal capsule

large white matter tract that sits between the caudate and putamen

carries two-way information between many different brain structures and the spinal cord

corona radiata

white matter projection fibers that connects the cerebral cortex to deeper brain structures as well as the brainstem and spinal cord

caudate

procedural learning, stimulus-response learning, processes rewarding feedback

putamen

prepares, filters, and processes motor movement in response to caudate and enacts these movements by connecting to motor cortices

olfactory nerve

CN I
afferent nerve that carries olfactory information to the brain

potential

difference in charge across a membrane, measured in voltage

schwann cells

myelinating cells of the PNS

oligodendrocytes

myelinating cells of CNS

epineurium

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding an entire motor nerve

perineurium

tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle

endoneurium

tissue surrounding the axon of a motor neuron

motor unit

group of fibers innervated by a single motor neuron

compound action potential

sum of action potentials from a whole nerve or muscle

nerve conduction velocity

distance / (latency2 - latency1)

frequency (Hz)

1000 / refractory period (ms)

motor neuron disease

loss of upper motor neurons

ex: ALS

myasthenia gravis

antibodies blocking or destroying nicotinic ACh receptors at NMJ

botulism

infection with botulinum toxin that inhibits ACh release at NMJ

duchenne muscular dystrophy

death of muscle cells due to mutation on X-chromosome causing Ca2+ influx