BMS 460 Exam 2 Diseases

Sepsis pathophysiology

Immune system responds to bacterial toxins → cytokines + inflammatory mediators

Cause of sepsis

Body’s overactive & extreme response to an infection

Sepsis signs & symptoms

• Shiver, fever, cold

• Extreme pain or discomfort

• Pale or discolored skin

• Confusion

• Shortness of breath

Prognosis of sepsis

Life-threatening without quick treatment

Sepsis treatment

• Antibiotics 

• Maintaining blood flow

• Oxygen & IV fluids

• Medicine to increase blood pressure

DIC pathophysiology

Stage 1 = overactive clotting reduces blood flow

Stage 2 = overactive clotting uses up platelets/clotting factors

Cause of DIC

Infection of injury

DIC Symptoms

• Bleeding

• Thrombosis

• Shock

• Purpura

DIC prognosis

Depends on severity

DIC treatments

• Treat underlying cause

• Supportive care (IV fluids)

• Transfusions

Pulmonary embolism pathophysiology

Blood clot travels → deep veins → lungs → low O₂ levels in blood

Cause of pulmonary embolism

Medical conditions, hormone medications, pregnancy, childbirth, age, obesity

Pulmonary embolism symptoms

Damage to lungs and organs, low oxygen levels in blood

Pulmonary embolism prognosis

Can live for years with proper treatment

Pulmonary embolism treatments

• Blood thinners

• Clot dissolvers

• Vein filter

Hemophilia pathophysiology

Factor III & IX protein deficiency → prolonged bleeding

Cause of hemophilia

Inherited mutation

Hemophilia symptoms

Bleeding into tissues, pain

Hemophilia prognosis

Fairly normal life expectancy with proper treatment

Hemophilia treatments

• Clotting factor replacement therapy

• Hormone therapy

Lymphedema pathophysiology

Increased collection of lymphatic fluid in body → accumulation of fluid exceeds capacity for lymphatic system to transport fluid → swelling

Lymphedema causes

Primary: malformation of lymphatics system (genetic mutation)

Secondary: injury or obstruction to lymphatic system

Lymphedema symptoms

Swelling anywhere in the body

Lymphedema prognosis

Chronic, inherited congenital condition

Lymphatic filariasis pathophysiology

Adult worms live in lymphatic vessels → blockage of lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic filariasis cause

Microscopic nematodes (parasitic worms) whose larvae are transmitted between human hosts by mosquitoes

Lymphatic filariasis symptoms

Thickened skin, extreme swelling

Lymphatic filariasis prognosis

Repeated infections over time

Dry gangrene pathophysiology

Progressive ischemia, reduced or halted blood flow to a specific area of the body

Dry gangrene causes

Chronic conditions

Dry gangrene symptoms

• Dry/shriveled skin, dark brown to purple-black 

• Affected area might feel cold & numb

Dry gangrene prognosis

Autoamputation

Wet gangrene pathophysiology

Necrotic tissue is complicated by secondary infection

Wet gangrene causes

Area of body becomes infected following injury, surgery, wounds or ulcer

Wet gangrene symptoms

• Swollen, blistered tissue

• Appears wet, may ooze fluid

• Painful, foul smell

• Skin changes color rapidly

Wet gangrene prognosis

Requires immediate medical intervention, risk of sepsis

Gas gangrene pathophysiology

Bacteria release toxins that cause tissue death

Gas gangrene causes

Traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, compromised immune system

Gas gangrene symptoms

• Severe pain, swelling, pale skin

• Infected area produces gas

• Foul-smelling discharge

Gas gangrene prognosis

Spreads rapidly, can be fatal without prompt treatment

Ischemia-reperfusion pathophysiology

Blood supply returns to a tissue/organ after a period of oxygen deprivation

Ischemia-reperfusion causes

• Myocardial infarction

• Ischemic stroke

• Shock

• Organ transplantation

• Acute limb ischemia

Ischemia-reperfusion symptoms

Depends on affected organ

Ischemia-reperfusion prognosis

Mild = reversible

Severe = cell death, multi-organ failure

Ischemia-reperfusion treatments

• Restore blood flow

• Maintain circulation

• Organ-specific care

Polycythemia pathophysiology

Increased red blood cell mass

Polycythemia cause

Overproduction of multiple erythrocytes

Polycythemia prognosis

Can progress to leukemia

CML pathophysiology

BCR-ABL fusion → sustained activation of tyrosine kinases → overproduction of abnormal cells

CML causes

Uncontrolled growth of blood cells

CML symptoms

• Swollen glands

• Lumps on skin

• Spontaneous bleeding

• Recurrent infections

CML prognosis

Chronic Phase: no symptoms, standard treatment helps

Accelerated Phase: symptoms appear, treatment not as effective

Blastic Phase: harder to treat

CML treatments

• Targeted therapy

• Chemotherapy

• Immunotherapy

• Surgery

Sjogren’s disease pathophysiology

Exocrine glands infiltrated with CD4+ T cells & B cells → inflammatory cytokines → damages secretary ducts

Sjogren’s disease cause

Autoimmune disease

Sjogren’s disease smyptoms

Dry eyes and mouth

Sjogren’s disease prognosis

No cure

Sjogren’s disease treatments

Focus on relieving symptoms

• Eye drops

• Saliva substitutes 

• Medicine for pain/inflammation

Gastro-esophageal reflux pathophysiology

TRELS relaxes → regurgitation of acids into esophagus

Gastro-esophageal reflux cause

Weakened/improperly relaxed lower esophageal sphincter

Gastro-esophageal reflux symptoms

• Heartburn

• Chest pain

• Nausea

Gastro-esophageal reflux treatments

• Lifestyle modifications

• Therapy 

• Invasive procedures

Peptic ucler disease pathophysiology

H. pylori → colonize gastric mucosa → inflammation → impairs secretion of bicarbonate

Peptic ucler disease causes

Imbalance between gastric mucosal protective and destructive factors

Peptic ucler disease symptoms

• Gastric ulcers

• Abdominal pain

• Bloating

• Nausea, vomiting

Peptic ucler disease treatments

• Antibiotics

• PPIs - raise pH of stomach

IBS pathophysiology

Multifactorial

IBS causes

Disruption of gut-brain axis, visceral hypersensitivity

IBS symptoms

• Abdominal pain

• Abnormal bowels

• Bloating

• Excessive flatulence

IBS prognosis

Chronic, often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed

IBS treatments

Gut-directed psychotherapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Diverticulitis pathophysiology

Small pouches in colon → inflamed

Diverticulitis causes

Lifestyle factors, genetics

Diverticulitis symptoms

Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, fever/chills, nausea, vomiting

Diverticulitis treatments

• High fiber foods

• Antibiotics

• Clear liquid diet

Hirschsprung pathophysiology

Absence of nerves in part of intestine → blockages

Hirschsprung causes

Mutation to RET gene

Hirschsprung symptoms

Infants: no bowel movement within 48hrs of birth

Children: chronic constipation, malnutrition

Hirschsprung prognosis

Identified within 2 months of life

Hirschsprung treatments

• Pull-through procedure

• Laparoscopic surgery

• Open surgery

Celiac disease pathophysiology

Gliadin resists digestion → exhibit strong immunogenicity → CD4+ T cells drive inflammation → attack intestinal epithelial cells

Celiac disease causes

Digestive & immune disorder that damages small intestine

Celiac disease symptoms

• Bloating

• Chronic diarrhea

• Lactose intolerance

• Weight loss

• Bone/joint pain

Celiac disease prognosis

Chronic

Celiac treatment

Adherence to a gluten-free diet

Hepatitis causes

Hepatitis virus A/B/C/D/E

Heavy alcohol use

Autoimmune

Hepatitis prognosis

Can be acute or chronic

Hepatitis pathophysiology

Inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis symptoms

• Diarrhea

• Fatigue

• Fever

• Pain on right side

Hepatitis treatments

• Lifestyle changes

• Avoiding alcohol

• Antivirals

• Liver transplant

Fatty liver disease pathophysiology

Buildup of fat in liver

Fatty liver disease causes

Excessive use of alcohol

Fatty liver disease symptoms

Does not usually present symptoms

Fatty liver disease prognosis

Progresses to alcoholic hepatitis if left untreated

Fatty liver disease treatments

Reversible in absence of alcohol

Alcoholic cirrhosis overview

Final, irreversible stage where healthy liver tissue is permanently replaced by hard scar tissue (fibrosis), impairing overall liver function