Unit 4 Test

What was imperialism?

The policy of stronger nations extending their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

What were the four main reasons for American imperialism?

Economic competition, political and military competition, racial superiority beliefs, and religious missionary work.

Who was Alfred Thayer Mahan?

A naval officer who argued that expanding the U.S. Navy was essential to maintaining power.

What did Frederick Jackson Turner believe about expansion?

He believed expansion was important because the American frontier had closed.

What was Social Darwinism?

The belief that competition between nations and people was natural and that stronger groups would dominate weaker ones.

What was the Anti-Imperialist League?

An organization that opposed American expansion and the annexation of foreign territories.

What was the purchase of Alaska called?

Seward's Folly, because critics thought Alaska was a waste of money.

What happened during the Spanish-American War of 1898?

The United States fought Spain and gained control of several territories.

What event helped start the Spanish-American War?

The explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor.

What did the Teller Amendment promise?

The United States would not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War.

What was the Platt Amendment?

An amendment that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs and maintain military bases there.

What did the United States gain from the Spanish-American War?

Puerto Rico, Guam, and control of the Philippines, while Cuba became independent under American influence.

What was the Open Door Policy?

A policy that allowed countries equal trading opportunities in China.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

An uprising in China against foreign influence and control.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine that allowed the United States to intervene in Latin American countries.

What was Dollar Diplomacy?

Taft's policy of using American investments and money to influence other countries.

What was Moral Diplomacy?

Wilson's policy of supporting democratic governments and opposing oppressive leaders.

What was the Great War also known as?

World War I.

What event helped trigger World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

Who were the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.

Who were the Allied Powers?

Great Britain, France, Russia initially, and later the United States and other countries.

What was the Triple Alliance?

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.

What was the Triple Entente?

An agreement between Great Britain, France, and Russia.

What was militarism?

The buildup of military forces and weapons in preparation for war.

What was nationalism?

Extreme pride in one's country and the belief that it is superior to others.

What was the Selective Service Act of 1917?

A law that required eligible men to register for the military draft.

What did the War Industries Board do?

Managed wartime production, resources, and industrial priorities.

What was the Espionage Act of 1917?

A law that punished activities interfering with military operations or wartime recruitment.

What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

A law that punished certain speech or writing considered disloyal or abusive toward the government during wartime.

What was the Great Migration?

The movement of many African Americans from the South to the North for better jobs and opportunities.

What were the Fourteen Points?

Woodrow Wilson's plan for achieving lasting peace after World War I.

What was the main purpose of the League of Nations?

To prevent future wars through international cooperation and negotiations.

Who were the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference?

Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando.

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The peace treaty that officially ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers and placed heavy penalties on Germany.

What was the War Guilt Clause?

The part of the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany accept responsibility for the war.

Why did the United States Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?

Many senators feared the League of Nations would involve America in foreign conflicts.

What was isolationism?

The policy of avoiding involvement in foreign conflicts and alliances.

What was the main reason for the prosperity of the 1920s?

Industrial growth, mass production, new technology, and increased consumer spending.

How did Henry Ford change manufacturing?

He used the assembly line to produce cars faster and more cheaply.

What were three major industries that grew during the 1920s?

The automobile, electrical, and radio and motion picture industries.

What was laissez-faire economics?

The belief that the government should have limited involvement in business and the economy.

Who was Warren G. Harding?

The president from 1921 to 1923 who promised a return to normalcy.

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?

A scandal in which government officials accepted bribes involving government oil reserves.

Who was Calvin Coolidge?

The president from 1923 to 1929 who supported business and laissez-faire economics.

Who was Herbert Hoover?

The president from 1929 to 1933 who was in office during the beginning of the Great Depression.

What was the 18th Amendment?

The amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

What was the 19th Amendment?

The amendment that gave women the right to vote.

What was a flapper?

A modern, rebellious woman in the 1920s who challenged traditional expectations through fashion and behavior.

What was the Scopes Trial?

The 1925 trial of teacher John Scopes for teaching evolution in Tennessee.

Who defended John Scopes during the Scopes Trial?

Clarence Darrow.

Who prosecuted John Scopes?

William Jennings Bryan.

What was the Red Scare?

Fear that communists and radicals would take over the United States.

What were the Palmer Raids?

Government raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to arrest suspected radicals and communists.

What was nativism?

The belief that native-born Americans were superior and that immigration should be restricted.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A cultural movement celebrating African American art, literature, music, and pride.

What was installment buying?

Purchasing products on credit and paying for them over time.

What was the Jazz Age?

The 1920s period when jazz music became extremely popular.

What caused the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

Panic selling, speculation, buying on margin, and investors losing confidence in the market.

What was Black Tuesday?

October 29, 1929, when the stock market experienced a major crash.

What was buying on margin?

Purchasing stocks with borrowed money while paying only a fraction of the stock's price.

What was speculation?

Making risky investments in hopes of earning large profits.

What were two major economic weaknesses of the 1920s?

Overproduction and unequal distribution of wealth.

What was the Great Depression?

A severe worldwide economic crisis that began in 1929 and caused unemployment, poverty, and business failures.

What was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff?

A law that raised taxes on imported goods to protect American businesses but reduced international trade.

What was the Bonus Army March?

A protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of their promised military bonuses.

How did Herbert Hoover respond to the Great Depression?

He favored limited direct government assistance and encouraged businesses and local governments to provide relief.

What was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?

A government organization created under Hoover to provide loans to struggling banks and businesses.

What was the New Deal?

Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

What were the three R's of the New Deal?

Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

What was the Social Security Act?

A law that provided financial assistance to retired workers and other vulnerable Americans.

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

A New Deal program that created jobs through public construction and community projects.

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

A New Deal agency that built dams, controlled flooding, and provided electricity to the Tennessee Valley.

What was the Dust Bowl?

A period of severe drought and dust storms that devastated farmland in the Great Plains during the 1930s.

What was the Bonus Army?

A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington demanding early payment of their bonuses.

What was fascism?

A totalitarian political system that emphasizes extreme nationalism, dictatorship, and government control.

What was appeasement?

Giving in to an aggressive country's demands in hopes of preventing war.

What was the Munich Agreement?

The 1938 agreement that allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

A law that allowed the United States to lend or lease military supplies to countries important to American defense.

What event caused the United States to enter World War II?

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.

What was the Manhattan Project?

The secret American-led project to develop the atomic bomb.

What was the Battle of Midway?

A major American victory in 1942 that became a turning point in the Pacific War.

What was D-Day?

June 6, 1944, when Allied forces invaded Normandy, France, to liberate Western Europe.

What was the Holocaust?

The systematic genocide carried out by Nazi Germany that murdered approximately six million Jews and millions of other victims.

What was Executive Order 9066?

FDR's order that authorized the forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II.

What was the GI Bill of Rights?

A law that provided returning veterans with benefits such as education and assistance transitioning to civilian life.

What was the Yalta Conference?

A 1945 meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss the future of postwar Europe.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

Trials that held Nazi leaders responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity.