BIO185 Exam 2 Review

virus

An obligate intracellular parasite that infects cells and takes over the host-cell and forces it to make copies of itself. - made of a genome of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid. If the capsid is tightly associated with the genome, then it is called a nucleocapsid.

viroid

made of naked molecules of circular RNA without any coat

Prions

consist of protein material, but do not contain anything else

capsid

its function is to protect the genome of RNA or DNA in viruses

enveloped virus

contain a stolen layer of the lipid bilayer

naked virus

only consist of their genome material and capsid

helical

looks like a spiral of material that contains the virus’s genetic material

iscosahedral

looks like a hexagonal or many sided structure that encases the genetic material

Positive ssRNA (+)

It makes viral polymerase and other proteins used to transcribe itself and create new viruses

negative ssRNA (-)

It has to be transcribed into mRNA before it can be translated

viral polymerase

enzyme is required for –ssRNA viruses to make mRNA

dsRNA

double stranded RNA

retrovirus

 is a single-stranded virus that does through “reverse transcription” to form double-stranded RNA, and only occurs in eukaryotes.

The use of an RNA template to make a piece of complementary DNA, uses the enzyme “reverse transcriptase”, which is not encoded by the human genome and so must be carried into cells by the virus itself

lytic cycle

The host cell usually is ripped apart and lysed as copies of the virus burst through. Attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release

lysogenic cycle

is when a phage does not enter the lytic cycle, and integrates into the host cell to replicate along with the bacteria

prophage

the DNA of a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) that has integrated into a bacterial host cell's own chromosome or plasmid

induction

is when the prophage exits the host cell, and the viral genomes are expressed. It leads to replication of the viral genomes

Prokaryotic

before nucleus

eukaryotic

true, good nucleus

thermophile

likes to be surrounded by extreme conditions, rely on ether bonds rather than ester bonds (also for archaea)

bacillius

rod shaped

coccus

circular shape

spirillium

helical or spiral shaped

Gram-positive

purple, they are monoderm which means they have one membrane

gram-negative

Pink/red, they are diderm which means they have two membranes

transformation

Taking up of DNA from the environment, For horizontal gene transfer, involves something dead in order for genes to transfer

transduction

Viruses infecting and introducing genes to bacteria, For horizontal gene transfer, it is vector-driven (viruses)

conjugation

Transfer of DNA between a tube/bridge, Horizontal gene transfer involves bacteria making physical tubes between each other to transport the genes

chemo

chemical

photo

light

litho

rocks/minerals

organo

organic/carbon

auto

self

hetero

different

endosymbiosis

inside, same/shared, life

mutualism

refers to a relationship in which both the host and parasite form a mutual bond that benefits both parties

parasitism

refers to a relationship in which one party benefits while the other suffers.

nitroplasts

a nitrogen fixing bacteria endosymbiosis into unicellular eukaryotic algae

Protists

genetic ancestors of eukaryotes that were held together as a single clade, but eukaryotes and others have long since split away

paraphyletic group

they are not animals, plants, or fungi

Archaeplastida

includes land plants, and they include the primary endosymbiosis for chloroplasts

Excavata

They have a feeding groove down on side of the cell body, Some have lost mitochondria

Stramenopila

They have “hairy” flagella, They have secondary endosymbiosis of chloroplasts

Brown algae

large kelp and largest algae

Alveolata

Alveoli are flattened vesicles (sacs) inside the cell

Rhizaria

They have pseudopods, which are slender projections for eating

Radiolarians

silica exoskeletons

Foraminiferians

calcium carbonate exoskeletons

Amoebozoa

They have large lobes for moving (pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming)

chitin

a cellular membrane found in the cell walls for fungi

Hyphae

slender, tube-like filaments

mycelium

a network of roots underneath the fruiting body that the fungi actually take a part of that absorb the nutrients of whatever they are attached to

Ascomycota

includes the majority of yeasts and “cup fungi”, has an ascus containing ascospores

Basidiomycota

includes many mushrooms/shelf/bracket fungi

mycorrhizae

are root-hyphae associations of plants and fungi, Fungi get O2 and food from plant, Plant gets water and nutrients from fungi

arbuscular mycorrhizae

penetrates the cell wall

ectomycorrhizae

does not penetrate the cell wall, and goes around the cracks

Glomeromycotina

Form arbuscular associations with plants

zygomycetes

pin molds, some create steroids

chytrids

are aquatic and flagellated, are parasites and disease-causing fungi, Some are mutualistic in cow/deer guts to help them digest plant material