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How many non‑white men served?
120,000 in NEAS
Why did they volunteer?
To prove loyalty, hope for democracy
What inspired independence movements?
Atlantic Charter & war service
ANC response?
AB Xuma manifesto; demand universal rights
Who were new ANC radicals?
Mandela, Sisulu; Youth League (1942)
ANC Women’s League formed?
1943
Women’s wartime roles?
Auxiliary services, agriculture, industry
Why limited change for women?
Expected to return to domestic roles post‑war
Recognition for NEAS men?
Minimal (clothes, bicycle)
White soldiers’ politics?
Voluntary service; orange emblem
Springbok Legion?
60,000 members; defended soldiers’ rights
Torch Commando?
Formed by “Sailor” Malan; liberal, but excluded Africans
Urbanisation effect?
Overcrowding, shack settlements
Sophiatown significance?
Spontaneous black urban culture hub
Famous cultural product?
Drum magazine
Miriam Makeba’s roots?
Born 1932 Joburg; rose from Sophiatown music scene
Post‑war consequences?
Rise of black urban culture, radical politics, Afrikaner nationalism = NP victory 1948