Learn: AP Human Geography Chapter 2: Population, Demographics, and Epidemiologic Transition

cartogram maps

Countries are displayed by size of population rather than land area.

carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources such as food and water.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

arable land

Land suited for agriculture.

agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

natural increase rate

Is the percentage by which a population grows in a year (excludes migration).

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society.

infant mortality rate

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age compared with total live births.

total fertility rate

Measures the number of births in a society.

crude death rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society.

demographic transition model and its stages

A process of change in a society from high crude birth and death rates and low natural increase rate to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

Stage 1

Low growth. Very high CBR, Very high CDR, Very low NIR.

Stage 2

High growth. Still high CBR, Rapidly declining CDR, Very high NIR.

Stage 3

Moderate Growth. Rapidly decline CBR, Moderately declining CDR, Moderate NIR.

Stage 4

Very low CBR, low or slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR. This condition is called zero population growth.

Possible Stage 5

CBR drops below CDR.

dependency ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.

epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevented among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special cases not generally present in the affected place.

epidemiologic transition and its stages

Focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition.

Stage 1 (epidemiologic transition)

Pestilence and Famine. Epidemic and pandemics were the principal causes of human deaths.

Stage 2 (epidemiologic transition)

Receding Pandemics. Improved medicine, sanitation, nutrition during the industrial revolution reduced the spread of diseases.

Stage 3 (epidemiologic transition)

Degenerative Diseases. Characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic diseases due to aging, especially cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Stage 4 (epidemiologic transition)

Delayed Degenerative and Lifestyle Diseases. Life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances.

Possible Stage 5 (epidemiologic transition)

Evolution: New strains of bacteria and viruses due to antibiotics, infectious diseases developing resistance to drugs.

Thomas Malthus' theory

The biggest concern for Malthus was uncontrolled reproduction. He believed that humans reproduce geometrically but food can only be produced arithmetically.

The Cycle of Misery

Malthus' theory that an increased population with an inadequate supply of food and medicine would raise prices and lead to poverty.