Bio exam 3 inputs/outputs

Glycolysis – Preparatory Phase Inputs

1 glucose + 2 ATP

Glycolysis – Preparatory Phase Outputs

1 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + 2 ADP

Glycolysis – Cleavage Phase Input

1 fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Glycolysis – Cleavage Phase Output

2 G3P (3-carbon molecules)

Glycolysis – Payoff Phase Inputs

2 G3P + 2 NAD⁺ + 4 ADP + 4 Pᵢ

Glycolysis – Payoff Phase Outputs

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 4 gross ATP

Glycolysis – Net ATP Gain

2 ATP per glucose

Glycolysis – Total NADH Produced

2 NADH per glucose

Glycolysis – Total Pyruvate Produced

2 pyruvate per glucose

Pyruvate Oxidation – Inputs

2 pyruvate + 2 CoA + 2 NAD⁺

Pyruvate Oxidation – Outputs

2 acetyl-CoA + 2 CO₂ + 2 NADH

Pyruvate Oxidation – Acetyl-CoA Produced

2 acetyl-CoA per glucose

Pyruvate Oxidation – CO₂ Produced

2 CO₂ per glucose

Pyruvate Oxidation – NADH Produced

2 NADH per glucose

Citric Acid Cycle – Inputs (2 Turns)

2 acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD⁺ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pᵢ

Citric Acid Cycle – Outputs (2 Turns)

4 CO₂ + 6 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + 2 ATP

Citric Acid Cycle – CO₂ Produced

4 CO₂ per glucose

Citric Acid Cycle – NADH Produced

6 NADH per glucose

Citric Acid Cycle – FADH₂ Produced

2 FADH₂ per glucose

Citric Acid Cycle – ATP Produced

2 ATP per glucose

Citric Acid Cycle – Regenerated Molecule

Oxaloacetate

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Inputs

10 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + 6 O₂ + ADP + Pᵢ

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Outputs

Approximately 28 ATP + 6 H₂O + 10 NAD⁺ + 2 FAD

Oxidative Phosphorylation – NADH Used

10 NADH

Oxidative Phosphorylation – FADH₂ Used

2 FADH₂

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Oxygen Used

6 O₂ per glucose

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Water Produced

6 H₂O per glucose

Oxidative Phosphorylation – ATP Produced

Approximately 28 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation – NAD⁺ Regenerated

10 NAD⁺

Oxidative Phosphorylation – FAD Regenerated

2 FAD

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Proton Movement

H⁺ moves from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, then flows back into the matrix through ATP synthase

Cellular Respiration – Total ATP Yield

Approximately 32 ATP per glucose (2 glycolysis + 2 Krebs + 28 oxidative phosphorylation)

Cellular Respiration – Total NADH Produced

10 NADH (2 glycolysis + 2 pyruvate oxidation + 6 Krebs cycle)

Cellular Respiration – Total FADH₂ Produced

2 FADH₂ from the citric acid cycle

Cellular Respiration – Total CO₂ Produced

6 CO₂ (2 pyruvate oxidation + 4 citric acid cycle)

Cellular Respiration – Total O₂ Consumed

6 O₂ per glucose

Cellular Respiration – Total H₂O Produced

6 H₂O in oxidative phosphorylation

Lactic Acid Fermentation – Inputs

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH

Lactic Acid Fermentation – Outputs

2 lactate + 2 NAD⁺

Lactic Acid Fermentation – ATP Yield

2 net ATP from glycolysis

Alcoholic Fermentation – Inputs

2 pyruvate + 2 NADH

Alcoholic Fermentation – Outputs

2 ethanol + 2 CO₂ + 2 NAD⁺

Alcoholic Fermentation – ATP Yield

2 net ATP from glycolysis

Photosystem II – Inputs

Sunlight + H₂O

Photosystem II – Outputs

High-energy electrons + H⁺ + O₂

Photolysis – Input

H₂O

Photolysis – Outputs

Electrons + H⁺ + O₂

Photolysis – Oxygen Production

O₂ is released as a byproduct of water splitting

Cytochrome b₆f – Inputs

Electrons from PSII + H⁺ from the stroma

Cytochrome b₆f – Outputs

Electrons passed to plastocyanin + H⁺ pumped into the thylakoid lumen

Photosystem I – Inputs

Sunlight + electrons from plastocyanin

Photosystem I and FNR – Inputs

Sunlight + electrons + NADP⁺ + H⁺

Photosystem I and FNR – Output

NADPH

Photophosphorylation – Inputs

H⁺ electrochemical gradient + ADP + Pᵢ

Photophosphorylation – Output

ATP

Photophosphorylation – Proton Movement

H⁺ flows from the thylakoid lumen into the stroma through ATP synthase

Light-Dependent Reactions – Main Products

ATP + NADPH + O₂

Light-Dependent Reactions – Electron Source

H₂O

Light-Dependent Reactions – Final Electron Acceptor

NADP⁺, which is reduced to NADPH

Calvin Cycle – Carboxylation Inputs (Per Net G3P)

3 CO₂ + 3 RuBP + Rubisco

Calvin Cycle – Carboxylation Output

6 molecules of 3-PGA

Calvin Cycle – Reduction Inputs

6 molecules of 3-PGA + 6 ATP + 6 NADPH

Calvin Cycle – Reduction Outputs

6 G3P + 6 ADP + 6 Pᵢ + 6 NADP⁺

Calvin Cycle – G3P Exported

1 net G3P

Calvin Cycle – G3P Used for Regeneration

5 G3P

Calvin Cycle – Regeneration Inputs

5 G3P + 3 ATP

Calvin Cycle – Regeneration Outputs

3 RuBP + 3 ADP + 3 Pᵢ

Calvin Cycle – CO₂ Required for One Net G3P

3 CO₂

Calvin Cycle – ATP Required for One Net G3P

9 ATP (6 reduction + 3 regeneration)

Calvin Cycle – NADPH Required for One Net G3P

6 NADPH

Calvin Cycle – Overall Inputs for One Glucose

6 CO₂ + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH

Calvin Cycle – Overall Outputs for One Glucose

2 net G3P + 18 ADP + 18 Pᵢ + 12 NADP⁺

Calvin Cycle – G3P Needed to Make One Glucose

2 net G3P

Calvin Cycle – CO₂ Needed to Make One Glucose

6 CO₂

Calvin Cycle – ATP Needed to Make One Glucose

18 ATP

Calvin Cycle – NADPH Needed to Make One Glucose

12 NADPH

Calvin Cycle – Total G3P Produced Per 3 CO₂ Fixed

6 G3P total, with 1 net G3P exported and 5 used for RuBP regeneration

Photosynthesis – Main Inputs

CO₂ + H₂O + light energy

Photosynthesis – Main Outputs

Glucose + O₂

Photosynthesis – Light-Dependent Reaction Products Used by Calvin Cycle

ATP + NADPH

Photosynthesis – Calvin Cycle Carbon Input

CO₂

Photosynthesis – Calvin Cycle Main Product

G3P, which can be used to synthesize glucose