Ch 4 Medical Terminology

What holds the body erect and makes movement possible?

Muscles

Muscle movement generates nearly __% of the heat that keeps the body warm

85

Muscles move food through the?

Digestive system

Muscle movements (eg walking) aid?

the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart

Muscular action moves fluids through?

the ducts and tubes associated with other body systems

Muscular and skeletal systems are together called the?

Musculoskeletal system

How many muscles does the body have?

More than 600

Muscles make up __% - __% of the body's weight

40% - 45%

Skeletal muscles are covered with?

Fascia

Skeletal muscles are made of?

Fibers

Skeletal muscles attached to bones by?

Tendons

Long slender cells that make up muscles?

Muscle fibers

Each muscle consists of?

A group of fibers boing together by connective tissue

Band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscle or groups of muscles

Fascia

T/F: fascia is flexible to allow muscle movements

true

Plural of fascia

Fasciae, fascias

Term meaning pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia?

Myofascial

Narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a MUSCLE to a BONE

Tendon

Band of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting BONE to BONE

Ligaments

Tendon that attaches muscles to the bottom of the patella

Patellar tendon

Tendon that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to the heel bone

Achilles tendon

Sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone?

Aponeurosis

Plural of aponeurosis

aponeuroses

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal, smooth, myocardial

Features of skeletal muscle

Many nuclei per fiber, striations

Features of smooth muscle

Spindle-shaped fibers

Features of myocardial muscle

Centrally located nucleus, branching of fiber, striations

2 terms for skeletal muscle?

Voluntary muscles, striated muscles

Word meaning striped?

Striated

3 names for smooth muscles

Involuntary muscles, unstriated muscles, visceral muscles

Smooth muscles are under the control of the

Autonomic nervous system

Word meaning relating to the internal organs?

Visceral

Is visceral muscle found in the heart?

No- found in all the other large internal organs

What forms the muscular walls of the heart

myocardial muscles

2 other names for myocardial muscles

Myocardium, cardiac muscle

How is myocardial muscle similar to skeletal muscle? Smooth muscle?

Myocardial muscle is striated like skeletal, involuntary like smooth

The constant contraction and relaxation of the myocardial muscle causes?

the heartbeat

The stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

Muscle innervation

_____ nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract

Motor

Motor nerves control the body's ______ muscular contractions

voluntary

If nerve impulse is disrupted (due to injury or disease)...

The muscle is unable to function properly

Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and a muscle

Neuromuscular

All muscles are arranged in ______ _______

Antagonistic pairs

Word for work in opposition to each other

Antagonistic

When one muscle of a pair contractions, the opposing...

relaxes

Tightening of muscle

contraction

Characteristics of a contracting muscle

Becomes shorter and thicker, belly enlarges

Muscle returns to its original form

Relaxation

Characteristics of a relaxing muscle

Becomes longer and thinner, belly is no longer enlarged

6 contracting muscle motions

- Abduction and adduction

- Flexion and extension

- Elevation and depression

- Rotation and circumduction

- Pronation and supination

- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Abduction

ab- means

away from

duct- means

To lead

-ion means

action

Muscle that moves a limb away from the midline of the body

Abductor

Movement of a limb toward the midline

Adduction

ad- means

toward

Muscle that moves a limb toward the midline of the body

adductor

Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

Flexion

flex- means

to bend

Muscle that bends a limb at a joint

Flexor muscle

Increasing the angle between two bone or the straightening out of a limb

Extension

tens means

to stretch out

Muscle that straightens a limb at a joint

Extensor muscle

Extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Hyperextension

Act of raising or lifting a body part

Elevation

Muscle that raises a body part

levator

Elevation of the _________ muscles of the face raises the corners of the mouth into a smile

Levator anguli oris

Act of lowering a body part?

Depression

The _________ muscle lowers the corner of the mouth into a frown

Depressor anguli oris

Muscle that lowers a body part

Depressor

Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint

Rotation

Imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body

Axis

What does rotation do to a bone

turns it on its own axis

Circular movement at the far end of a limb

Circumduction

Muscle that turns a body part on its axis

Rotator muscle

What rotates within the shoulder joint?

Head of the humerus

Group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint

Rotator cuff

Act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm or sole is turned upwards

Supination

Act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm or the sole is turned downward or backward

Pronation

Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

Dorsiflexion- decreases the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg

Movement that bends the foot downwards at the ankle

Plantar flexion- increases angle at top of foot and front of leg

Word meaning pertaining to the sole of the foot

Plantar

Muscles located near the surface, just under the skin

Superficial muscles

Word for where the muscle begins

Origin

Location of origin in relation to the body

Located near the midline of the body

Word for where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

Insertion

Location of insertion in relation to the body

Located on the farthest point from the midline

Is the origin or the insertion more movable

The insertion

Muscle that helps bend the neck and rotate the head

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

stern/o means

Breastbone

cleid/o means

Collar bone / clavicle

Which muscles flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine?

Internal oblique muscles

What can muscles be named for? (7)

- Origin and insertion

- Action

- Location

- Fiber direction

- Number of divisions

- Size or shape

- Strange reasons

Example of a muscle named for its origin and insertion (as per textbook)

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Mastoid bone inserts at

Mastoid process

carpi means

Wrist / wrist bones

Example of muscles named for their action (as per textbook)

Flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi muscles

Thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest

Pectoralis major

Pectoral means

relating to the chest