clinial chemistry

Majority of the body’s total iron

Hemoglobin

A protein that binds oxygen in the muscles

Myoglobin

Heme containing proteins

Cytochromes

Quantative methods for the determination of albumin

Nephelometry , serum protein electrophoresis , colorimetric spectrophotometry

Precursor for catecholamines

Tyrosine, T3 , T4= thyroid hormone

precursor for serotonin, melatonin , niacin

Tryptophan

Used to detect developmental abnormalities in pregnant women

Alpha fetoprotein

Creatinine clearance formula

(Uribe creatinine / serum creatinine) x Urine volume /time (hr) x 60

Post hepatic cholestasis

Means a stoppage or suppression of the flow of bile can be Characterized by jaundice , increase in ALT, GGT, conjugated bilirubin

Radioimmunoassay

A fixed concentration of labeled antigen incubated with a constant amount of anti-serum so that the concentration of antigen binding sites on the antibody is limiting. if an unlabeled antigen is added to the system and there’s competition between labeled antigen and unlabeled antigen for the limited and constant number of binding sites on the antibody and thus the amount of labeled antigen bound to antibody will decrease as the concentration of unlabeled antigen increases

What tests for risk of Down syndrome

Estriol levels in conjunction with hCG, inhibin A, alpha fetoprotein, which can be obtained during pregnancy . Also referred to as the quad test

Pharmacogenomics

The study of how variations in the human genome affect a given individuals response to medication‘s

Pharmacokinetics

The study of drug disposition in the body how and when drugs enter the circulation, how long they stay there and how they are eliminated

Therapeutic window

The range between a drugs effective dose and it’s toxic dose

Drug half-life

The amount of time it takes for a drugs concentration in the body to decrease by 50%

Base chemical of cocaine

Benzoylmethylegonine

Base chemical of heroin

Diacetylmorphine

Gastrin

Produced by cells in the GI tract AND it stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and gastric mucosal growth

Horomones produced by the pancreas

Glucagon , insulin, pancreatic polypeptide

Henderson hassle back equation

Used to calculate the ph of a solution,

Van Deemter equation

relate the variance per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase velocity

Van Slyke equation

The CO2 collaboration curve of blood in vitro

Nernst equation

Calculate the voltage of an electrochemical cell or to find the concentration of one of the components of the cell

Forms of creamy layer at the top of stored non-fasting plasma specimens

Chylomicrons

What type of diseases is testing for microalbuminuria used to monito

Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2

Falsely Increases with delays in centrifugation

Potassium , magnesium , Ld

Falsely decreases in whole blood with transportation delay

Glucose

Hs-Crp marker and their meanings

Less than 1 = low risk of cardiovascular disease

1.0 - 3.0 = represents a moderate risk of cardiovascular disease

Higher than 3.0 = high risk of cardiovascular disease

What do aminoglycoside antibiotic treat?

Can be toxic antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections when such bacteria are resistant to less toxic antibiotics, works against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria

Alkaline phosphate is found where ?

Kidneys, liver, intestines, bone, and the placenta, increase levels of AIP can include damage liver cells, rapid bone growth during puberty, bone diseases, or disease that affect how much calcium is in the blood (hyperparathyroidism) and vitamin D deficiency

HbA1c

Long term blood glucose concentration for a patient , measures up to 120 days

Macroamylasemia

Increase serum amylase and normal to lower urine amylase values, this condition occurs when ambulance molecules combine with immunoglobulins to form large molecules, which cannot be filtered across the glomerulus

What is plasma creating concentration dependent on?

Relative muscle mass, renal function, rate of creating turnover

Ammonia characteristics for collections

Needs to be placed on ice after collection, collected in green top tube ( lithium heparin or sodium heparin) , help evaluate liver function

Zero order kinetics

When the reaction rate depends only on enzyme concentration

What test is used in diagnosing prostate cancer

Acid phosphatase , frozen immediately and transported frozen and collected in a gel separator tube

Used to evaluate liver function

Alkaline phosphatase , requires fasting collection and collected in a gel barrier tube , immediately separated from cels and refrigerated for storage

What tests help to determine hepatic disease?

Alanine amino transferase , collected in a serum or plasma tube red top , serum plasma should be separated from cells immediately and refrigerated for storage

Evaluate kidney function

Creatinine, it should be collected in a gel, barrier serum tube, red or gold. serum should be separated from cells immediately and refrigerated for storage.

Cobalamin

The chemical name for vitamin B 12 and is treatment of choice in megaloblastic anemia related to B12 deficiency

Desferrioxamine

An iron chelating agent may be used to reduce iron overload and patient to rely on transfusions to maintain hemoglobin levels and prevent anemia

Eculizumab

Drug of choice in the treatment of classic PNH and is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits complement lysis

Aminoglycoside antibiotics

Gentamycin, tobramycin, kanamycin

Lipid panel includes

Cholesterol, lipoprotein, HDL, triglycerides

Electrolyte panel

Potassium, sodium, chloride, carbon dioxide

Hepatic Function Panel A

AST, ALT, alkaline phosphates, total protein, Albumin, total bilirubin, Direct billirubin

Renal function Panel

Glucose, BUN, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, calcium, Albumin, phosphorus

which three genetic variations in enzymes are most often linked to differences in drug metabolism ?

CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4

Bands included in serum protein electrophoresis

Albumin travels farthest toward the anode then it’s A1, A2, beta and gamma

Wilson’s disease diagnosis

Decrease concentrations of ceruloplasmin and increased urine copper

Ceruloplasmin

The main copper transporting protein in the blood,

Which vitamins are water soluble ?

Vitamin C and vitamin B

What is used to screen for lead toxicity ?

Zinc protoporphyin or free erythrocyte

Theophylline

Action of the drug is bronchiodilation and smooth muscle relaxation

Hydrogen ion concentration pH in blood uses what type of electrode

Glass electrode

Osmlality formular

1.86 (Na) + glucose /18 + urea/2.8 +9

What factors point to hypothyroidism

Physical complaint, elevated TSH ,

What factors point to hyperthyroidism

Graves dieses and decreased TSH

Post hepatic jaundice

Due to a blockage of bile duct by either a gall stone or tumor , increased total and direct bilirubin due to the blockage as there is no where for it to go and it spills out. Urobilonegen is decreased or absent due to blockages

Chronic renal failure indices

Vitamin D decreases causing an increase phosphorus and decreased calcium, decreased albumin, increased creatinine , increased magnesium

What helps to diagnose pancreatitis

Lipase and amylase

What is used to measure for hepatobilliar y disease

ALP and GGT

Helps to diagnose organophosphate poisoning

Using cholinesterase level

HcG - Human chorionic gonadotropin

Primary marker for early pregnancy

Pituitary horomones

FSH and LH for ovulation and menstrual cycle

Beta gamma bridging

Caused by abnormal liver function like cirrhosis

Jendrassik grof method

Not affected by turbidity uses a serum blank, Method for Bilirubin measurement , the addition of caffeine plus diazotized sulfanic acid and the serum produces azobillirubin, absorbíc acid, alkaline tartrate , dilute HCI are added to the mixture to stabilize and create the azobillirubin , the blue green azobillirubin is measured

Osmolalilty

Measures by freezing point depression , sodium provides the largest contribution to osmolality the concentration of dissolved particles in more per kilogram of plasma or serum water,

Biuret method

The total protein method most commonly used due to automation and accuracy.

Molydbenum blue

A key reagent in phosphorus analysis

Ferro-feroocynide

Reagent in an obsolete method for glucose analysis

Resorcinol HCI

Fatty acid analysis

A fat soluble form of vitamin A

Retinol

Respiratory acidosis I

pH level = <7.35 and increased CO2 and PCO2

Most carbon dioxide in the blood

Bicarbonate ion

Chemical. composition of high density lipoprotein

Smallest and most dense of lipoproteins , triglyceride 5% ,cholesterol 15%, protein 50%

Jaffa reaction

Testing creatinine which test for kidney function so is association with renal function

Obstructive jaundice

Increased GGT , ALP 3 times normal , aminotranferase elevated

Bench jones proteins

Can be detected based on precipitation in urine heated to 40 c to 60 c , and the redisollution at 100 c

Triglycerides

Can be affected by recent ingestion <8 hours

Apoperometry

Principle of the pO2 electrode , measurement of electrical current occurs at a constant voltage or potential pH is measured with an ion selective glass electrode while PCO2 is measured by gas sensing electrode with pH detection

Apolipoprotein A 1

Acts as a receptor site ON HDL

Microalbumkn urea is determined by

Ratio of albumin to creatinine

Metabolic alkalosis

HCO3 and pH is increased , high Total CO2

Coengentila hypothyrodims

Very low thyroid hormones and can be confirmed by serum TSH

What can be used to diagnose diabetic acidosis

Beta hydroxybutatate

What can be used to help with drives in th shears and liver

LD isoemzymes

Fasting serum phosphate concentration

Associated with parathyroid glands , PTH increases phosphorus excretion in response to change in calcium levels

Tablet test for bilirubin in urine

In urine conjugated bilirubin is reacted with diazo tablet to make a purple color