Religious fundamentalism

Bruce - types of fundamentalism

He identifies two types of religious fundamentalism: communal fundamentalism is a reaction to external threats, where groups resist changes imposed on their society and defend their community against Western values. In contrast, individual fundamentalism is a reaction to internal changes within society, challenging liberal reforms such as abortion, divorce, LGBTQ+ rights and education.

Bruce - modernisation

Bruce argues that modernisation increases the importance of rationality and equality while reducing the influence of tradition and religious faith. This challenges religious authority, causing some groups to defend their beliefs against modern values, which Manuel Castells calls ‘resistance identity’. For example, evangelical Protestants in 1920s America defended Christianity against modern influences because they believed religion was being undermined.

Giddens

Globalisation

He argues that fundamentalism is a ‘child of globalisation’, as it develops both as a result of and a reaction to globalisation. Greater access to information and contact with different cultures has made Western societies more cosmopolitan, encouraging tolerance and openness to new ideas. However, fundamentalists see these values as threatening, so Giddens argues that the main conflict of the 21st century will be between cosmopolitanism and fundamentalism.

Bauman

Postmodernity

argues that in postmodern society, individuals experience greater freedom and ‘agonies of choice’ because traditional beliefs no longer provide certainty. Religious fundamentalism offers absolute truth and certainty in an uncertain world, appealing to people who feel overwhelmed by choice and change. By providing clear rules and beliefs, fundamentalists reduce uncertainty but may also restrict individual freedom and choice.

Almond Et al.

They argue that fundamentalism is caused by structural factors, not just modernisation and globalisation. These include inequality, poverty, unemployment, migration and opposition to Western imperialism, which can make people more attracted to fundamentalist groups that offer solutions and a sense of belonging. They also emphasise the importance of effective leaders and chance events in encouraging fundamentalism to develop.

Bloom Et al.

They argue that globalisation has contributed to declining religious freedom, as some countries restrict religious practices to protect traditional values. Davie argues that this has led to secular fundamentalism, where governments use extreme measures to push religion out of public life. For example, France uses laïcité (secularism) to separate religion and the state, banning religious symbols in schools in 2004, showing how secular beliefs can also be enforced rigidly.