GERPHIS Midterm Exam Study Guide Flashcards (P2, P3, P4A, P4B)

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the GERPHIS Midterm Study Guide topics P2 (History as a Discipline), P3 (Interdisciplinary Approaches), P4A (Settlement & Environment), and P4B (Ancient Communities).

What are the three distinct meanings of history presented in P2?

History as actuality (what actually happened in the past), history as record (surviving traces such as letters, artifacts, inscriptions, or photographs), and history as told (the narrative or explanation constructed by a historian).

How does the course distinguish between the terms 'history', 'historia', and 'kasaysayan'?

'History' studies the past; 'historia' uses inquiry and research to reconstruct a narrative; and 'kasaysayan' requires that an account has saysay, or meaning, for a community and its people.

What is historicism, and what warning does it offer historians?

Historicism means interpreting past individuals, events, and societies within their own context and historical conditions. It warns against judging past communities using modern values, institutions, or technologies.

How do Teodoro Agoncillo, Renato Constantino, and Zeus Salazar define history or kasaysayan?

Agoncillo defines history as the study of the relevant past and the Filipino struggle for freedom; Constantino argues history must include the 'inarticulate' (ordinary people); and Salazar defines kasaysayan as a meaningful narrative of the past for one's group, communicated in its own language.

What is the key difference between historical revisionism and historical distortion?

Historical revisionism is legitimate scholarship that re-examines earlier interpretations using new evidence and transparent methods. Historical distortion alters, invents, hides, or selectively uses evidence to mislead and push a preferred conclusion.

What is the difference between a primary source and a secondary source?

A primary source provides direct evidence connected to the specific time, place, event, or person being studied. A secondary source is a later interpretation or historical analysis constructed using evidence.

What is the difference between external criticism and internal criticism in historical method?

External criticism tests whether a historical source is genuine and authentic (determining author, time, place, and integrity). Internal criticism evaluates whether the statements inside an authentic document are credible, truthful, and accurate.

What are Louis Gottschalk's four core tests for evaluating the credibility of a statement in a source?

1) Could the author tell the truth? (competence, proximity, observation); 2) Would the author tell the truth? (bias, motives, audience); 3) Was the report accurately transmitted? (translation, hearsay, copying); and 4) Can independent evidence corroborate it?

In Arthur M. Navarro's Bagong Kasaysayan, what are the five steps of historical methodology (kaparaanan)?

1) Pagpili ng paksa (choosing a topic); 2) Pangangalap ng batis (gathering sources); 3) Pagsusuri ng batis (critiquing sources); 4) Pag-uugnay (connecting evidence); and 5) Pagsasalaysay or pagsasakasaysayan (writing the historical narrative).

What do the perspective concepts pansila, pangkayo, pangkami, and pantayo describe?

They identify the relationship between the speaker and the listener: pansila ('they' speak about another group), pangkayo ('we' speak to 'you' across separate groups), pangkami ('we' speak about ourselves to an outsider), and pantayo ('we' speak among ourselves using shared internal concepts and language).

How do multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary research differ?

Multidisciplinary studies place several separate fields side-by-side with minimal integration; interdisciplinary deliberately combines methods, data, and concepts to construct one unified explanation; and transdisciplinary integrates academic research with external community knowledge to solve real-world problems.

Why is Otley Beyer's Wave Migration Theory rejected in contemporary Philippine historiography?

It relies on outdated racial classifications and unverified assumptions of sequential migration waves (Aeta, Indonesian, Malay) that are contradicted by modern archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence.

What are the core arguments of Peter Bellwood's Austronesian expansion model?

It proposes that Austronesian-speaking farming populations expanded from southern China through Taiwan into the Philippines around $2500\text{--}1500\text{ BCE}$, driven by agriculture, population growth, and maritime technology, spreading ancestral languages and material culture across Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific.

What is Wilhelm Solheim II's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) model?

A model arguing that cultural traits, technologies, and practices diffused through established long-term maritime trade, seafaring, and communication networks across Island Southeast Asia, rather than primarily through massive population migrations.

What does the discovery of Homo luzonensis in Callao Cave establish about Philippine human presence?

Dated to approximately $50,000\text{ to }67,000\text{ years ago}$, it confirms deep human presence in the archipelago, but it does not represent Austronesian speakers or modern Filipino cultural groups.

What is a 'thalassocracy' in the context of early Philippine societies?

A power structure centered on maritime control, where authority, trade influence, alliances, and naval strength operated across waterways and sea routes rather than fixed territorial land borders.

How was authority (kapangyarihan) understood and maintained by a precolonial datu?

Authority was maintained through personal competence, protection of followers, dispute mediation, military leadership, and alliance-building, rather than being an absolute, fixed hereditary kingship over all physical land.

What specialized community roles were fulfilled by the babaylan/katalonan, panday, maninihon, and manghahabi?

The babaylan/katalonan led spiritual rituals, healing, and cultural traditions; the panday was a skilled craftsperson or metalworker; the maninihon was a potter; and the manghahabi was a weaver.

What historical realities are proven by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) of $900\text{ CE}$?

It proves that precolonial Philippine communities used a written legal system, had formal debt structures and official administrative titles (such as Jayadewa of Tundun), and had diplomatic links with wider Southeast Asian cultures.

According to Juan de Plasencia's 1589 account, what is the crucial distinction between aliping namamahay and aliping sa gigilid?

Aliping namamahay lived in their own homes, possessed personal property, gave agreed labor or agricultural tribute, and could not be sold; aliping sa gigilid served inside the master's household or quarters and could be transferred or sold.

Who were the Maharlika in Juan de Plasencia's description of Tagalog customs?

They were freeborn individuals who did not pay direct tribute to the datu, but provided personal services such as accompanying him to war, rowing boats, and assisting with building his house.

What does the Ming Shih record regarding Sulu's diplomatic contact with China in $1417\text{ CE}$?

It records that three Sulu rulers (Paduka Pahala, Paduka Mahala Ch'ih, and Paduka Prabu) led a tributary mission of approximately $340$ people to China, during which Paduka Pahala passed away and received an imperial funeral.