Thẻ ghi nhớ: Chapter 2- Earth's Physical systems: matter, energy, & geology

Matter

All material in the universe that has mass and occupies space (solid, liquid, & gas alike)

Chemistry

The study of different types of matter & how they interact

Law of conservation of matter

Matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Element

A fundamental type of matter, a chemical substance with a given set of properties that cannot be broken down into substances with other properties

Atoms

The smallest units that maintain the chemical properties of the element

Protons

Positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus

Neutrons

Particles lacking electric charge in the atom's nucleus

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that surround the atom's nucleus and balance the positive charge of protons

Isotopes

Atom's of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons

Ions

Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms

Molecules

Combinations of two or more atoms

Covalent bond

A type of chemical bonding where Atoms share electrons in chemical bonds

Ionic bond

A type of chemical bonding where electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that bond due to their differing electrical charges

hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

pH

hydrogen ion concentration

Macromolecule

A very large molecule, such as a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, or lipid

Protein

Serve as enzymes (biological catalysts), form muscle and structural tissues, act as hormones (chemical messengers), and can be metabolized for energy.

What are nucleic acids?

Polymers built from nucleotide subunits.

What do nucleotides consist of?

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

To encode genetic information and transmit it across generations.

Lipids

Nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water. Fats and oils provide long-term energy storage; phospholipids form the lipid bilayer of cell membranes; and steroid hormones transmit cellular signals

What are carbohydrates?

Organic compounds consisting of simple sugars or long chains of sugars (polysaccharides).

What is the role of glucose in carbohydrates?

Glucose provides rapid metabolic energy.

What do glycogen and starch do?

They store energy.

What are structural carbohydrates?

They form plant cell walls (cellulose) and arthropod exoskeletons (chitin).

hydrogen ion (H+)

a positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron

Energy

The capacity to change the position, physical composition, or temperature of matter; a force that can accomplish work

Potential energy

Energy of position

Kinetic energy

Energy of motion

First law of thermodynamics

The physical law stating that energy can change from one form to another, but cannot be created or lost. The total energy in the universe remains constant and is said to be conserved

Second law of thermodynamics

The nature of energy will change from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state as long as no force counteracts this tendency

Hydrogen ions' effect on pH

as the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH value decreases, making the solution more acidic.

Photosynthesis

A process in which autotrophs then light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

Cellular respiration

The process by which a cell uses the chemical reactivity of oxygen to split glucose into its constituent parts (water and carbon dioxide) & thereby release chemical energy that can be used to form chemical bonds or to perform other tasks within the cell

Geologic Time

Earth's history as revealed by layers of rock

Age of Earth

Approximately 4.5 billion years old.

Plate tectonics

The process by which Earth's surface is shaped by extremely slow movement of sections of crust. The interaction between 15 major plates causes mountains, earth quakes, etc..

Divergent plate boundaries

Where tectonic plates push apart from one another as magma rises upward to the surface, creating new lithosphere as it cools

Transform plate boundary

The area where two tectonic plates meet and slip and grind alongside one another, creating earthquakes.

Convergent plate boundaries

Where two plates converge or come together, can give rise to different outcomes