PREGNANCY & INFANTS & TODDLERS

weight gain in pregnancy

1 lb / month for first 3 months

1 lb / week thereafter

Weight gain for underweight female (pregnancy)

BMI: <18.5

28-40 lbs

Weight gain for normal weight female (pregnancy)

BMI: 18.5-24.9

25-35 lbs (think usual age people get pregnant)

Weight gain for overweight female (pregnancy)

BMI: 25-29.9

15-25 lbs

Weight gain for obese female (pregnancy)

BMI: ≥ 30

11-20 lbs

Weight gain for normal female (carrying twins ) (pregnancy)

BMI: 18.5-24.9

37-54 lbs

PROTEIN FOR PREGNANT

• 1.1 g/kg/day

• losing muscle mass because baby is taking a lot of energy stores

CARB FOR PREGNANT

• DRI: 175 g/day

Calorie increase during 2nd trimester of pregnancy

+340 kcal /day

Calorie increase during 3rd trimester of pregnancy

+452 kcal /day

Calorie increase during first 6 months lactation

+330 kcal /day

Calorie increase during 6-12 months lactation

+400 kcal /day

Pregnant adolescent

• high risk

• need extra iron, calcium, zinc

• risk of low-birth-weight child

Vitamin A recommendations (PREGNANCY)

• 770 mcg/day

• **WATCH OUT for toxicity

Vitamin D recommendations (PREGNANCY)

• 600 IU /day

Ferrous sulfate (PREGNANCY)

30 mg during 2nd and 3rd trimesters

Iron recommendations (INFANT)

• 0.27 mg iron /day

• 1mg/kg of body weight

Folic acid (PREGNANCY)

400 mcg (added 200 from foods = 600)

AI Calcium for pregnancy and lactation

≤ 18 years

• 1300 mg

> 18 years

• 1000 mg

Minimum recommendation for hemoglobin and hematocrit

Hgb: 11 g/dl

Hct: 33%

Recommendation for Linoleic acid

Pregnancy: 1.4 g/day (300 mg DHA)

Lactation: 1.3 g/day

Fluoride recommendations (INFANT)

• don’t need if water supply is fluorinated

• if not supplement

Vitamin D recommendations (INFANT)

400 IU /day

Vitamin D recommendations (TODDLER)

600 IU /day

Normal birth weight

2500-4000 g

Low birth weight (LBW)

<2500 g (<5.5 lbs)

Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW)

<1500 g (<3.3 lbs)

Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW)

<1000 g

SGA - Small for Gestational Age

<10th percentile for:

• weight

• length

• head-circumference

AGA - Appropriate for Gestational Age

10th to 90th percentile

LGA - Large for Gestational Age

>90th percentile for:

• weight

• length

• head-circumference

0-6 month nutrient needs

Average calories/kg: 108 kcal/kg (aint that great!)

Protein RDA: 9.1 g (1.5 g/kg)

Water: 125-155 mg/kg (based on age)

Fat: minimum of 30 g/day

7-12 months nutrient needs (INFANT)

Average calories/kg: 98 kcal/kg (think normal body temp)

Protein RDA: 11 g (1.2 g/kg)

Water: 1.4 ml/kcal

Fat: minimum of 30 g/day

Human milk

20 kcal/oz

• supplement 400 IU vitamin D because it is lacking

prolactin

stimulates milk production

oxytocin

moves milk through the ducts

colostrum

• yellowish transparent fluid secreted from the breast during first

• MORE protein

• LESS fat and carbs than mature milk

• has antibodies

Full term

40 weeks gestation

0 (birth) - 2 years old

• use WHO growth charts

  • Length-for-age

  • Weight-for-length (“Baby BMI”)

  • Weight-for-age

• head-circumference

Length-for-age percentiles

• reflects LONG-TERM nutrition status

  • chronic nutrition status

• poor nutrition → growth stunting

Weight-for-length percentiles

• “Baby BMI”

• used to distinguish stunting and wasting

Weight-for-age percentiles

• reflects SHORT-TERM (ACUTE) nutrition status

2 years to 20 years

• use CDC growth charts

  • BMI-for-age