Child dev exam 3 (self-regulation)

(4) self-conscious emotions

Embarrassment, Pride, Shame, Guilt

Self-conscious emotions

Increase understanding of .. & knowledge of..

Understanding of self as distinct from others

Increased knowledge of what’s expected by others

Self-conscious emotions- embarrassment

Emerges between __ - __ months

Discrete because ..?

15-24

Automatic physiological response, show it without thinking

Self-conscious emotions- embarrassment

Signs of embarrassment in a child

Eyes down, hang head, blush, hide face in hands

Self-conscious emotions- pride

Emerges between __-__ months

By 3 years, pride is tied to __

12-24

Performance level

Self-conscious emotions- pride

Signs of pride in children

Smiling at others when completing a goal, or when doing something new

Self-conscious emotions- shame

Emerges around __-__ years old

Feelings of..

Focus on _ with lack of concern for _

2-3 years

Being exposed, wanting to hide

Self, Others

Self-conscious emotions- shame
Responses to shame depends on..

Experiences & parenting

Self-conscious emotions- guilt

Emerges around __-__ years

Often tied to levels of..

2-3

Empathy

Self-conscious emotions- guilt

Feelings of..

& Desire to..

Remorse & regret about one’s behavior

Desire to undo consequences

Emotional changes- fears

Preschool years fears are __-based

2 examples:

Imaginary

Fear of dark, sharks in bathtub

Emotional changes- fear

Middle-childhood fears are __-based

2 examples:

Reality

Academic achievement, health

Emotional changes- anger

Children become less angry toward others as..

they learn to understand intention

Emotional changes- anger

Preschool years:

Middle-childhood:

Angry when harmed; regardless of intention

Less angry when unintentional

More negative emotions in __ situation

High stress

Understanding emotions

By _-_ months, infants distinguish between __&__

4-7, happiness, surprise

Understanding emotions

By 7 months, infants realize that emotions are __

Meaningful

Understanding emotions

By _-_ months, infants can relate __ to __

8-12

Facial expressions, tone of voice

Understanding emotions

By 12 months, children use mother’s tone of voice in decisions about..

How to interact with new objects

Understanding emotions

By __ months, social referencing info (adults using affect in their voice) affects behaviors even an hour later

14

Understanding emotions

Beginning at _ years, kids can label emotions in other people

2

Understanding emotions

Beginning at 2yo, kids can recognize.. but not ..

Happiness, anger/sadness, fear, surprise, disgust

Pride, Shame, Guilt

Causality is important for understanding __, __ & __

Causality, self-regulation, social competence

Emotional regulation

Internal feeling states =

Subjective experience of emotion

Emotional regulation

Emotion-related cognition

Thoughts about goals, desires, interpretation

Emotional regulation

Emotion-related physiological processes

Heart rate, hormone regulation/reactivity

Emotional regulation

Emotion-related behavior

Actions or facial expressions related to feelings

Self-regulation

By _ months:

Shift gaze from distressing situation, self-soothing by:

6

Stroking hair, playing with clothes

Self-regulation

Between _-_ years

Avert attention from..

Distract themselves by..

1-2

Distressing stimuli

Looking away/at something else

Self regulation during preschool years

Become less likely to seek comfort from caregivers

Child plays on their own when distressed

Increased language skills (able to discuss emotions)

Talk to others to resolve situation (instead of tantrums)

Changes in self regulation during preschool years are due to:

Increasing brain maturation in frontal lobes

Shifts in adult expectations

Social competence

Skills to develop & maintain positive peer relationships

Inhibit __, Delay__, Control __,

Inappropriate behaviors

Gratification

Emotions & behavior

Social competence is positively associated with __

Academic performance

Temperament- early classifications

Easy babies (_%)

Easily _, establish _, _ & _

40%

Adjust, establish routines, calmed & cheerful

Temperament- early classifications

Slow-to-warm-up babies (_%)

Somewhat difficult at first, but become easier with repeated exposure to _,_,_

15%

People, situations, objects

Temperament- early classifications

Difficult babies (_%)

Slow to adjust to __, react _ & _ , irregular in..

New experiences

Negatively, intensely

Routines

6 dimensions of temperament

Fearful distress/inhibition

Irritable distress

Attention span & persistence

Activity level

Positive affect/approach

Rhythmicity

Long term effects of unregulated temperament- Adolescents

Difficulty.., more likely to ..

Difficulty getting along with peers

Engage in illegal behaviors

Long term effects of unregulated temperament- Young adults

Difficulty.. higher rates of..

Difficulty getting along with roommates, unemployment

Long term effects of unregulated temperament- Adults

Fewer.. & less..

Friends, social support

Goodness of fit

Difficult temperament better adjusted in __ with __

Supportive home, consistent parenting

Temperament & genetic links with..

Emotional reactivity

Shyness

Sociability

Self-regulation

Temperament & genetics

Genes related to __ & __ that affect __

Dopamine, neurotransmitters, attentional control

Temperament & genetics

Genetic vulnerability is most likely to be expressed in..

suboptimal environments

Socialization- process through which children acquire __ and ways of _&_

Values, thinking & feeling

Parents modelling when & how to express emotion

Can influence understanding of..

Emotions exposed to affects __&__

Types of expressions that are appropriate

Arousal & distress levels

Child temperament can affect expression in home

Difficult temperament is more likely to elicit..

Negative emotions

Discussing emotions teaches children about:

Meaning of __

Appropriate __ for expressing them

__ of expressing or not expressing them

Emotions

Circumstances

Consequences

Emotional coaching

Helps children learn ways of __&__

Leads to better ____

Better __

Coping, expressing

Emotional understanding

Peer relationships