biol practical 1 but everything

cyanobacteria

spirochates

protobacteria

actinobacteria

euglena

kinteoplastid

on blood smear

chlorophyta

rhodophyta

cilliophora

apicomplex

dinoflagellate

mixed diatoms

laminaria

radiolaria

foraminifera

amoeba

amoeba fruiting body

marchantiophyta antheridium

marchantiophyta antheridiophore

bryophyte capsule

bryophyte protonema

bryophyte archegonial head

bryophyte antheridial head

lycopodium

selaginella

psilotale synangium

equisetum stem

equisetum strobilus

fern indusium

pine secondary xylem

ginko staminate strobilus

young pine ovulate cone

pine germinated polled

pollen tetrad

lilliim ovary

slime mold

choanoflagellates

evolution

process in which populations change

evolution is driven by…

changes in allele frequency over time

5 causes of evolution

• migration

• mutation

• population size changes

• non-random mating

• natural selection

biological species concept

species are a group of organisms that can interbreed

speciation

one species forms two separate species

classification ranks

• domain

• supergroup

• kingdom

• phylum

• class

• order

• family

• genus

• species

leaf

node

root

branch

clade/monophyletic group

a group that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants

principal of parsimony

simplest explanation is best explanation

synapomorphy

common characteristic in a clade

prokaryote

organism with no membrane bound organelles

pilus

hairs on bacteria cell

3 layers of bacteria wall

capsule

cell wall

plasma membrane

three forms of horizontal gene transfer

transformation

transduction

conjugation

transformation

takes in dna from environment/other dead bacteria

transduction

dna inserted through virus

conjugation

dna swap from host to recipient (in sexual reproduction)

gram positive baceria

thick cell wall of peptidoglycan

stain purple

gram negative bacteria

thin cell wall of peptidoglycan

stain pink

cocci

spherical bacterial shape

bacilli

rod bacteria shape

virbrios

comma bacteria shape

spirilii

rigid spiral shaped bacteria

spirochete

flexible spiral shaped bacteria

aggregation

groups of bacteria that perform specialized functions

non-selective media

media any type of bacteria can grow on

selective media

only bacteria that can survive certain conditions can grow

phylum spirochetes

spirilli bacteria

actinobacteria

coccus gram positive bacteria

phylum cyanobacteria

photosynthetic

blue-green in color

fix nitrogen

contributed oxygen to early atmosphere

origin of chloroplasts

phylum proteobacteria

gram negative

origin of mitochondria

eukaryotes

complex cells with membrane bound organelles

protists are earths first eukaryotes

supergroup excavata

euglenoids, kinetoplastids

unicellular with excavated feeding grooves

supergroup archaeplastida

chlorophyta, rhodophyta

algae and all plants

chlorophyta have

volvox colonies

supergroup alveolata

cilliophora, apicomplexa, dinoflagellates

ciliophora

heterotrophic, lots of cilia

apicomplexa

heterotrophic parasite (malaria)

apical complex

dinoflagellates

photosynthetic or heterotrophic

thecate (cellulose plate) or athecate

supergroup stramenopila

diatoms, phaeophyceae (brown algae), oomycota

flagellar hair

diatoms

phytoplankton with cell walls of silica (glass)

phaeophycae

kelp

fucoxanthin gives color

oomycota

fungus like

filamentous hyphae

supergroup rhizaria

radiolarians, foraminifera

armored amoebas that move with pseudopodia

radiolarians

star shaped zooplankton made of silica

foraminifera

calcium carbonate shells

supergroup amoebozoa

naked amoebas, slime molds,

naked amoebas

move with lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia

blob

slime mold

fungus like

yellow

supergroup opisthokonta

choanoflagellates

one posterior flagellum

sporophyte

diploid generation

creates haploid spores

gametophyte

haploid generation

creates haploid gametes

bryophytes

bryophyta, marchantiophyta

non vascular plants, gametophyte dominant

marchantiophyta (liverworts)

leafy or thallose

asexual reproduction with gemmae cups

oil glands

antheridophore

holds male gametes

archegoniophore

holds female gametes

bryophyta

spiral leaf formation

tracheophytes

all plants that aren’t bryophytes

vascular

sporophyte dominant

vascular tissues

xylem, phloem, lignin

xylem

moves water and nutrients up