Long-Term Memory Retrieval

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts and empirical phenomena related to long-term memory retrieval, testing effects, encoding specificity, transfer-appropriate processing, and prospective memory.

Testing Effect

The phenomenon in which reviewing information by means of a retrieval task (retrieval practice) aids later retrieval from long-term memory more effectively than rereading.

Spaced Retrieval Practice

A study method where retrieval practice is interwoven across different topics and problem types rather than practiced in large, massed blocks.

Explanatory Questioning

A category of learning techniques, consisting of elaborative interrogation and self-explanation, that involves generating explanations to enhance understanding and retrieval.

Elaborative Interrogation

A learning technique that involves thinking through and explaining why a particular piece of learned information or fact is true.

Self-Explanation

A learning technique that involves making inferences about causal or conceptual connections across concepts or processes to improve comprehension and later recall.

Encoding Specificity Principle

The general principle stating that matching the circumstances of encoding and retrieval (such as environmental cues, internal mood, physiological state, or processing type) aids memory performance.

Environmental Context Effect

The finding that memory retrieval is enhanced when the physical external environment at test matches the environment in which the information was originally encoded.

Mood-Dependent Memory Effect

The finding that memory recall is improved when a person's emotional state or mood at retrieval matches the mood they experienced during encoding.

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

The effect where memory performance is enhanced when the type of cognitive processing engaged during encoding matches the type of processing required during retrieval.

Explicit Cued-Recall Task

A memory test in which specific cues are provided to facilitate the intentional, conscious retrieval of studied items.

Implicit Memory Task

A type of memory test that relies on unintentional retrieval of previously studied items without requiring conscious recollection.

Prospective Memory

The cognitive ability to remember to carry out an intended action or task at a designated future time or upon the occurrence of a specific future event.

Concurrent Transfer-Appropriate Processing

A prospective memory phenomenon where accuracy in performing an intended prospective task improves when the concurrent ongoing task matches the prospective task in its type of processing.

Event-Based Prospective Memory Task

A prospective memory task where the execution of an intended action is triggered by the occurrence of a specific external cue or event.

Time-Based Prospective Memory Task

A prospective memory task where remembering to perform an intended action is required at a specific designated time.