AP Psych

Heuristics

Allows brain to make fast judgments

Representative Heuristic

Likelihood of something based on how well it represents a prototype

Availability Heuristic

Likelihood of something based on how memorable it is

Belief Perseverance

Inability to change beliefs even if proven wrong

Framing

Phrasing concepts to sway judgments

Consolidation

Converting short-term memory into long-term memory

Divergent Thinking

Multiple-solution thinking, frontal lobes

Convergent Thinking

One-solution thinking, left parietal lobe.

Algorithm

Lengthy procedure that guarantees correct outcome/solution

Insight

‘Aha’ moment; quick recall

Confirmation Bias

Looking for information that proves bias

Mental Set

Approaching problems with the solutions that worked before

Intuition

Fast, automatic feelings/thoughts

Cognition

Mental activities associated with thinking

Concept

Mental grouping of similar objects/ideas

Prototype

Mental image that best fits a category

Expertise

Well-developed knowledge

Fixation

Inability to view problem from new perspective

Familiar/Functional Fixedness

Tendency to use objects for familiar functions only

Overconfidence

Overstimating the accuracy of ones beliefs

Misinformation effect

When exposed to misinformation, memories get reformed so that we believe it

Age most prone to misinformation effect

Young children

Repeated rehearsal

repetitive memorization of information

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

Memory loss due to alcoholism

Schema

List of features/characteristics of a concept

Why we forget

Forget info to discard clutter/unnecessary information

Anterograde

Recalling past but unable to form new memories

Retrograde

Forgetting past but forming new memories

Process of memory encoding

External Event- Sensory Memory-(attention)- Working/ST- (encoding)-LT memory storage (failure=forgetting)

Proactive interference

Old info disrupts recall of new info

Retroactive Interference

New info disrupts recall of old info

Eric Kandel/James Schwartz

Discovered long-term potentiation- neural process for learning/making associations

Recall

ability to retrieve learned information

Recognition

Ability to recognize information

Relearning

The ability to learn information previously learned

Retrieval Cues

Information that cues/triggers memories

Eidetic

Photographic memory

Karl Lashley

Discovered that different parts of brain help store implicit vs. explicit memories

Long term memory length and place

Indefinitely, hippocampus

Hippocampus Function

stores information until retrieval

Sleeping Importance

Allows memories to be encoded into long-term memory until retrieval

Left Lobe processes ___

Working memory

Right Lobe processes ___

Visual Stimuli

Patient H.M.

Removed Hippocampus and became unable to store ANY memories (old+new) in LT memory

Cerebellum Function

Allows formation of implicit memories- allows classical conditioning

Basal Ganglia Function

Stores implicit procedural instructions (Rhythmic pattern memorization)

Working Memory Def+ Duration

Linking new+old information, short

Explicit Memory Def.

Conscious memories

Implicit Memory Def.

Automatically processed memories

Chunking

Organizing info into manageable sections

Shallow Processing

Direct process of info

Deep Processing

Understanding the meaning of information learned

Iconic Memory

Visual- short

Echoic Memory

Audial- long

George Sperling

Discovered sensory memory is first step before ST memory

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple things at once