Counseling Theory first half

4 underpinnings of all theories

Philosophical assumptions, anthropology, abnormality, health

3 views of humankind (Biblical)

Monist, dichotomist, trichotomist

Monist view of humans

Single substance (spirit or physical)

Dichotomist view of humans

2 subtances (spirit and physical)

Trichotomist view of humans

3 substances (spirit, soul, physical)

Parts of human agency

We = created and responsible, complexity in personhood, God created sexuality, need for relationship, desires and needs, race culture and ethnicity

Parts of a biblical worldview

Truth exists, everything = made by God, 3 views on humankind

Gerald Corey's stance on what a counselor is

Influenced by existentialism, relationship-focused, integrative style, who you are as a therapist = critical

Counselor as a therapeutic person

Personal qualities, openness to growth, empathy and genuineness, importance of being "real"

Role of personal counselling for the counselor

Increase self-awareness, understanding client experience, managing personal issues, countertransference

Counselor's values

Value imposition, bracketing, ethical obligation

Value imposition

Imposing one's values on clients

Bracketing

Setting aside personal values to avoid contaminating the counseling process

Who made Psychoanalytic theory?

Sigmund Freud

Freud's view on human nature

Deterministic

Libido (Eros)

All life instincts

- manifests through the instinct to survive/live

Death instincts (thanatos)

Manifests through an unconscious desire to die

Freud's personality structure

Id, Ego, Superego

Id

Amoral, instinctual part of personality

- only cares about pleasure

Ego

mediator between id and superego

Superego

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center

- perfectionist

Anxiety according to Freud

According to Freud, anxiety was a sign of an inner battle or conflict between some primitive desire (from the id) and prohibitions against its expression (from the ego and superego)

- anxiety, reality, moral

Reality Anxiety

The fear of danger from the external world; the level of such anxiety is proportionate to the degree of real threat.

Neurotic Anxiety

The fear that the instincts will get out of hand and cause one to do something for which one will be punished.

Moral Anxiety

Violating personal moral code

Freudian evidence or unconscious

Dreams, slips of tongue, free-association, post-hypnotic suggestions, etc

What is in the unconscious?

Experiences, memory, repressed material

Freud's psychosexual stages

1. Oral Stage

2. Anal Stage

3. Phallic Stage

4. Latency Stage

5. Genital Stage

Oral Stage

Ages 0-1

- trust self/others

Anal Stage

Ages 1-3

Phallic stage

Ages 3-6

Latency Stage

Ages 6-12

Genital Stage

Age 18+

Who made the psychosocial stages?

Erik Erikson

Erikson's crises

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (School years from six to 11)

Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

- ages 0-1

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's second stage during years 2-3 Children attempt to be independent and make choices regarding freedom and self restraint

- ages 1-3

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities

- ages 3-6

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage, when the child learns to be productive

- ages 6-12

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

- ages 12-18

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

- ages 18-35

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

- ages 36-60

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eigth stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

- ages 60+

Defense Mechanisms

Reduce anxiety

- repression

- denial

- reaction formation

- projection

- displacement

- rationalization (Anna)

- sublimation Anna)

- regression (Anna)

- introjection (Anna)

Repression

A defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced into the unconscious.

Denial

A defense mechanism by which people refuse to accept reality.

- active ignorance

Reaction formation

A defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.

Projection

A defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Displacement

A defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Rationalization

A defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

- Anna Freud

Sublimation

A defense mechanism where one redirects the energies of instinctual drives to generally positive goals that are more acceptable to the ego and superego

- Anna Freud

Regression

A defense mechanism in which an individual, faced with anxiety, retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

- Anna Freud

Introjection

integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one's own ego structure

- Anna Freud

Tabla-rasa blank slate

Non-judging, blank stance

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the counselor of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

Countertransference

Circumstances in which a psychoanalyst develops personal feelings about a client because of perceived similarity of the client to significant people in the therapist's life.

Working-through

Method used in psychodynamic therapies in which the client repeatedly goes over and over painful memories and difficult issues as a way to understand and accept them

Maintaining analytic framework

Refers to a whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as the analyst's relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meetings, starting and ending the sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundary issues such as the avoidance of advice giving or imposition of the therapist's values

Free-association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

- Therapist gives objective thoughts and meanings

Dream analysis

Counselor uses "royal road to unconscious" to bring unconscious material to light

Analysis and interpretation of resistance

Works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material

Analysis and interpretation of transference

Counselor points out, explains, and teaches the meaning of whatever is revealed

What must one do to become integrated according to Jung?

Accept one's shadow

Shadow (Carl Jung)

Archetype

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness (dark side)

When did Adler start the Society for Individual Psychology?

1912

Adlerian psychology is also known as...

individual psychology

Who made Adlerian psychology?

Alfred Adler

What did Adler add to psychoanalysis?

Relational/social/cultural factors, group work

- made it more deterministic

Inferiority feeling role? (Adler)

Source of all human striving

- generate creativity

- develop when young

Superiority feeling role? (Adler)

Promote mastery

- enable us to overcome obstacles

Phenomenological in Adlerian psychology

How an individual experiences an event

- subjective

- how does the client understand?

- does the client understand how the client understands?

individual psychology

Can't separate out parts of a person

- holistic approach

- understand self in a socially embedded context rather than parts

What is purpose of all human behavior? (Adler)

Achieving our goals

- self-ideal

Life Movement

Organizes our reality, giving meaning to life

- fictional finalism or guiding self-ideal

Fictional finalism

Alder's theory that an individual is motivated more by his expectations of the future than by past experiences

Striving for perfection

Striving for greater competence, not only for oneself but for the common good of others

Lifestyle

Perception of self/others/world

Social interest

The choices that are best for society as a whole

- bonding people feel for each other

Mental health (Adler)

The degree to which we share with others and are concerned with their welfare

How do people express social interest?

Shared activity, cooperation, participation in the common good, mutual respect

Community Feeling

Capacity to cooperate and contribute

- grants meaning

What are the 3 life tasks?

Social, love-marriage, occupational

Social task (Adler)

Building friendships

Love-Marriage Task

Establishing intimacy

Occupational Task

Contributing to society.

Development of psychological capacities

Cooperation

- friendship/belonging

- contribution/ self-worth

Adler: birth order

Oldest, 2nd of 2, middle, youngest, only child

Adler: oldest child

More attention, spoiled, center of attention

Adler: 2nd of 2 children

Behaves like in race, often opposite of newborn

Adler: middle child

Often feels squeezed out

Adler: youngest child

Baby of the family

Adler: only child

Doesn't learn to share/ cooperate with other kids

- learns to deal with adults

Therapeutic goals (Adler)

Collaborative arrangement between client and counselor

- psychological investigation or lifestyle assessment, disclosing mistaken goals and faulty assumptions

- emphasis on health and well being

Client becomes discouraged because.... (Adler)

- mistaken beliefs

- faulty views

- useless goals

Understanding family constellation

Parents/siblings/others in home

- life tasks

- early recollections

- stories of events before age 10

Phase 1 of Adlerian Therapy

Establishing the Proper Therapeutic Relationship

Phase 2 of Adlerian Therapy

Exploring the Individual's Psychological Dynamics

Lifestyle assessment

Subjective interview

Objective interview

Family constellation

Early recollections

Basic Mistakes

Phase 3 of Adlerian Therapy

Encouraging Self-Understanding/Insight

Interpret the findings of the assessment

Hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious

Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into their private logic and lifestyle

Phase 4 of Adlerian Therapy

Reorientation and reeducation

Encouragement in Adlerian psychology

Distinctive intervention

- important in all phases

- fundamental attitude more than technique

- client to assume responsibility for their lives, build self-confidence