EPHE 245 Midterm 2 (Nov 5)

Arousal and Attention 2 onward

cue utilization hypothesis

as the level of arousal of the performer increases, the amount of stimuli attended to by the performer changes (decreases). An optimal level of arousal allows for an optimal level of stimuli perceived.

what effect does the limited capacity of our attention have?

causes selective attention

what are the three descriptor types of attention and their definitions

intentional / incidental: intentional = voluntary, incidental = involuntary

covert / overt

• covert = mentally attending

• overt = physically attending or looking

internal / external

• internal = body focused

• external = environment / effects focused

what is a broad external attentional style beneficial for

assessing the external environment

what is a broad internal attentional style beneficial for

analyzing and planning strategy or the motor response

what is a narrow external attentional style beneficial for

focusing on very few environmental cues to perform the motor response (hitter watching the set)

what is a narrow internal attentional style useful for

mentally rehearsing an upcoming performance

intentional selective attention is also called

top down processing

incidental selective attention is also called

bottom up processing

define inattention blindless

consciously choosing to attend can block information in sometimes quite surprising ways

define the stroop effect

when task irrelevant information is processed unintentionally and interferes with response selection or increases error

define the cocktail party effect

while attending to one stream of information, about 33% can detect their own name in the unattended stream

what is structural interference

competition for physical or neurological structures

what is capacity interference

competition for central attentional resource

what are the four categories of sensory receptors

• visual

• auditory

• somatosensory (includes proprioception, touch and pain)

• vestibular

what percent of sensory receptors are located in the eyes

70%

what percent of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved in processing visual information

40%

what is the outermost part of the eye

cornea

what is the conjunctiva

a thin membrane that protects the eye

what is the vitreous humour

a fluid filled sac holding the eye’s shape

what is the ciliary body

the musculature of the eye

what is the goal of the ciliary body and the pupil

to focus the light on the retina

what is macular degeneration

when a person becomes unable to see clearly through the fovea

function and location of rods in the eye

• low light conditions

• motion detection

• located in the peripheral retina

function and location of cones

• color vision

• fine detail, acuity

• very concentrated in the fovea

compare rods and cones in terms of differentiation

• rods only have one type

• cones have three types: RGB

between rods and cones, which has higher acuity and why

cones have higher acuity because they each have an individual synapse onto a ganglion cell, whereas rods can have 100s that synapse onto the same ganglion cell

central vision is better for

• object identification

• detail detection

peripheral vision is better for

• movement detection

• environmental awareness

• balance support

when is vision most important to motor learning

early learning / skill acquisition (feedback, demonstration, observation, detecting errors)

how does visual search differ between a novice and an expert

• higher efficiency (focus on relevant cues)

• anticipates events (looks before they happen)

what is quiet eye

extended visual fixation before movement

• longer quiet eye associated with better performance

differentiate between the focal and ambient visual systems

focal:

• identifying objects in the center of the visual field

• linked to consciousness (voluntary)

• doesn’t function as well in low light conditions

ambient:

• subconscious

• ~ responsible for spatial localization and orientation

• central and peripheral visual fields

• not affected by changes in light

what do the results of the moving room experiment provide

• evidence that the visual system is dominant, because the perception of the room moving trumped the somatosensory and vestibular systems perceiving no change

• the visual system is used rapidly and non-consciously, shown by the rapid corrections in response to optic flow

in motor learning, conscious control of vision is more important during _____, while non-conscious control of vision is more important during ___

skill acquisition; skilled performance

doing “eye push-ups” to help fix TMJ issues demonstrates

how vision influences movement

define proprioception

awareness of the body’s position and movement

proprioception provides information about

• joint position

• limb movement

• muscle length

how do the proprioceptive and vestibular systems work together

provide information about orientation relative to gravity

what kinds of receptors detect sensory information related to proprioception

• Golgi tendon organs

• muscle spindles

• joint receptors

muscle spindles detect

muscle length and rate of stretch

how do muscle spindles attempt to prevent tissue damage/sprain/etc

muscle spindles cause reflexive muscle contraction (myotatic reflex) in attempt to combat the movement that poses risk of damage

• eg ankle inversion causes eversion muscles to fire rapidly

where are golgi tendon organs located

in the musculotendinous junctions (between muscle and tendon tissues)

function of the vestibular system

detecting balance and spatial orientation

the vestibular system provides information about

• head position

• balance

• acceleration

what is the function of the semicircular canals

detect rotational head movement and angular acceleration via movement of fluid in the inner ear (vestibular system)

what is the function of the otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

• detect linear acceleration and gravity

• dynamic equilibrium: adjusting to straight line movements (being in a car, walking, running)

differentiate the function of the utricle vs saccule

• utricle: horizontal acceleration

• saccule: vertical acceleration

how does the body maintain postural control when a sensory system is limited

• reweighting of sensory information between the available sensory systems

• “reliance shifts based on reliability”

what explains motion sickness

sensory conflict between the visual and vestibular systems (some proprioceptive), and internal models of expected motion

define memory

persistence of information that is stored for future use or processing

what are the three memory subcategories / systems

1. short term sensory store (STSS)

2. short term memory / working memory (WTM / WM)

3. long term memory (LTM)

when is information from sensory memory lost

unattended information

when is information from short term memory lost

when it is unrehearsed

when is information from long term memory lost

with time, for some information

what are the 4 characteristics of the short term sensory store

1. rapid memory decay

2. accepts all stimulus information

3. information coded the same way it was presented

4. further processing possible if recall immediate

what is the duration of short term memory

longer than a few seconds and usually less than a minute

working memory is known as

the processes we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM

what are the 4 characteristics of short term memory

1. rapid decay unless rehearsed

2. receives information from STSS and LTM

3. limited capacity

4. implicated in action planning

what is the approximate capacity of short term memory

7 chunks ± 2

what process brings sensory memory information so short term memory

attention

what process brings short term memory info to long term memory

encoding

what process brings long term memory to short term memory

retrieval

what are the 3 characteristics of long term memory

1. most resistant to decay

2. develops with practice/rehearsal

3. unlimited capacity

what 4 things affect long term memory (retention)

1. amount of OG learning

2. motivation

3. type of task

4. retention interval (consolidation / interference)

explicit memory is also called

declarative

what are the two subcategories of explicit memory and their meanings

semantic memory: facts and general knowledge

episodic memory: personally experienced events

characteristics of explicit memory

1. information that can be consciously recalled / verbalized

2. divided into semantic and episodic memory

3. attentionally demanding

what are the three categories of implicit memory and their meanings

procedural memory: motor and cognitive skills

priming: enhanced identification

learning through classical conditioning

what are the characteristics of implicit (procedural) memory

1. non-conscious memories

2. develops with time and practice

3. non-attention demanding

what is the storage duration of STSS

less than a second

what are the names of the cortexes surrounding the central sulcus from anterior to posterior

• premotor cortex (anterior + superior)

• supplementary motor area (anterior + lateral)

• primary motor cortex (immediately anterior to the central sulcus)

• primary somatosensory cortex (immediately posterior to the central sulcus)

what is the frontal lobe largely responsible for

• executive function

• coordinating complex movement

• planning and movement preparation

what are the parietal lobes largely responsible for

sensory and spatial awareness

what are the occipital lobes largely responsible for

vision

what are the temporal lobes largely responsible for

• audition

• memory, language and emotions

SMA function

• sequencing actions

• learned movement patterns

• internally generated movements

M1 function

• execution o voluntary movement

• fine motor skills

premotor cortex function

• movement preparation

• environmental cues

• sensory guidance

what is berstain’s DOF problem

is we have over 600 skeletal muscles and many movement possibilities, how does the nervous system organize al these components into functional movement?

what is the cognitive perspective on the DOF problem

CNS reduces complexity of the movement by organizing into units and action patterns

what is the ecological perspective on the DOF problem

skilled movement is a result of dynamic interrelationship between the learner and their environment

in the slater-hammel study in 1960 had participants press a button when the seconds hand on the clock reached 12, the fact that they lifted their finger just before the 12 is evidence that:

the movement of pressing the button is planned for and prepared in advance (NS can run motor programs)

compare the implications of the studies from slater-hammel (1960) vs klapp and erwin (1976)

• slater-hammel: lifting finger before the clock hit 12 was evidence of advanced preparation for movement

• klapp and erwin: more complex movements involve larger RT, evidence that motor programs require assembly before movement, that preparation takes time, and more complex movements need more preparation

how does feed-forward modification play into motor programs

plans are executed based on expected outcomes

what motions are best explained by motor programs

• rapid or ballistic actions

• discrete skills

what are the two main issues with motor program theories

1. limited storage - can’t reasonably store a motor program for every individual movement

2. novelty - what if you’ve never done/seen a movement before attempting it

define a GMP

a motor program that can be adapted depending on the choice of certain movement of response parameters

what are he two characteristics of a GMP

invariant features: relatively fixed

parameters (aka variant features): more flexible, define program’s execution

list invariant features of a GMP

1. sequence of actions

2. relative timing

3. relative force

list variant features / parameters of a GMP

• overall duration

• overall force

• movement direction

• muscle selection

overall force and overall time are characteristics of

GMP parameters / variant features

relative force and relative timing are characteristics of

GMP invariant features

what’s the difference between a schema and a GMP

• GMP: stored pattern for a class of movements, with invariant features and parameters

• schema: parameter selection rules built from experience

how does a graph help describe what a schema is

• the relationship between the human input and output (result) builds a line

• the line is the schema: relationship established over many trials, allowing your brain to select parameters (input) to bring rise to a certain output

what are the four pieces of information that are stored after each movement

1. initial conditions

2. response specifications (chosen parameters)

3. sensory consequences (sensory input about the skill)

4. response outcome (compared to goal)

what is a recall schema

• related to movement production

• selecting parameters based on the outcome, informed by the schema developed with experience

what is a recognition schema

• related to movement evaluation (feedback)

• used during/after a movement, comparing the outcome to the established schema to allow for learning

define practice

repeated attempts at a skill, structured to produce lasting change