Nutrition for childbearing

week 1, chapter 14

what does the mothers weight gain inform us about the baby

Weight gain is important in determining fetal growth

what is baby at risk for if mother has insufficient weight gain

• low birth weight

• small for gestational age (SGA) infants

• preterm birth

• failure to initiate breastfeeding

what is baby and mom at risk for if mother has excessive weight gain

• macrosomia (^ birth weight)

• need for C-Section

• postpartum weight retention (harder to lose weight by 6wk post appt.)

• low Apgar score (how baby adapts from in uretero and out)

• hypoglycemia

• overweight in children

how much weight should be gained given each BMI

Normal BMI: 25-35lbs

underweight BMI: 28-40lbs

overweight: 15-25lbs

obese BMI: 11-20lbs

on average how much weight should be gained each trimester

• 1.1-4.4 lbs during the first trimester

• 0.8-1 lb a week after the first trimester

where does energy come from

• carbs

  • simple (sugars, F&V)

  • complex (starches, cereals)

• fats

• calories

how many calories are recommended, how do they change over the course of pregnancy

2200-2900cal/day depending on age and activity

• 1st tri = no increases needed

• 2cd tri = ^ 340cals

• 3rd tri = ^452 cals

how much protein is typically recommended? how does this change during pregnancy

46g/day

• 2cd tri = >71g

how much folic acid should be maintained, before and during pregnancy?

400-800mcg/day - should start taking once age of conception, AT LEAST one month before conception

• during pregnancy = 600mcg/day

why is iron important during pregnancy

iron is needed for RBC production, which is also necessary for fetal development

• if mom is anemic, the body will still give what she has to the baby

• 1000mg of absorbed iron is needed during pregnancy

heme iron vs nonheme iron

heme = animal sources, is well absorbed

nonheme = plants/fortified food; is not as well absorbed

• calcium and phosphorus (milk and tea) decrease heme iron absorption, and coffee binds to iron, decreasing breakdown too

what are examples of iron rich foods? what about vitamins?

• meats, dark leafy greens, eggs, grain products, breads, cereals, legumes, nuts

• iron pills are typically better absorbed on its own, taken between meals. but can be taken with food or juice to decrease GI upset

what is the importance of calcium during pregnancy

during the last trimester, higher amounts are transferred to the fetus

• needed for mineralization of fetal bone and teeth

• daily intake doesn’t increase but must be maintained

an excessive amount of this vitamin can be toxic for a fetus

vitamin A

• acutane

true or false: during pregnancy, i can eat up to 6oz of canned albacore, 10oz of shrimp, and 5oz of canned tuna in a week

false

• you can have up to 6oz of albacore (NO MORE)

• AND you can have up to 12oz total between: shrimp, canned tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish

• = 18oz total

true or false: deli meats and hotdogs are not okay unless reheated and steaming hot

true

true or false: soft cheese is not okay unless made with unpasteurized milk

false: brie, feta, blue cheese, blue-veined cheeses, and queso blanco should not be consumed unless made with pasteurized milk

true or false: it is NOT safe to consume raw or undercooked fish, meat, poultry, or eggs. Pate, meat spreads, smoked seafood, or raw (unpasteurized) milk products.

true

what is Pica

the practice of eating non-food component that are not considered part of a normal diet

• ice

• clay

• dirt

• laundry starch pr cornstarch

how does smoking impact pregnancy

smoking increases the metabolic rate, decreasing one’s appetite which can lead to a lower birth weight in the fetus

how does caffeine impact pregnancy

it can be linked to decreasing vitamin and mineral absorption, can lead to miscarriage or preterm labor

when lactating, how many calories should be increased

• during the first 6 months, increase by 330 calories

• for the second 6 months post-birth, the daily intake is 400 calories over the non-pregnant requirements

• a woman who is not breastfeeding does not require any added caloric intake