Roman Archaeology

Hut Urn, 8th c. BCE, Italy

Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (and Juno and Minverva), late 6th century BCE?, Rome, Italy (Kingdom)

Kingdom

753-509 BCE

Republic

509-27 BCE

Empire

27 BCE-???

Capitolium

a temple dedicated to the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva)

Capitoline Triad

Jupiter, Juno, Minerva

Forum

a public space used for a variety of economic, political, and religious activities

Senatus Populusque Romanus

Senate and People of Rome; a phrase originating in the later Republic to describe the

(ideal) system of governance in Rome

Punic Wars

Wars with Carthage (3rd-2nd c. BCE), wars associated with increasing expansion of the kingdom

First Triumvirate

(60-53 BCE) Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompeius (Magnus)

(triumvirate was a political phenomenon of the Late Republic in which three men shared responsibility for administering state affairs, thereby bypassing the Senate)

Triumvirate

a political phenomenon of the Late Republic in which three men shared responsibility for administering state affairs, thereby bypassing the Senate

Battle of Actium

31 BCE, the decisive battle in the civil war between Octavian and Mark Antony

Second Triumvirate

43-32 BCE, Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus

Battle of the Milvian Bridge

a decisive battle in the civil war between Maxentius and Constantine, which signaled the impending collapse of the Tetrarchy (285-324 CE)

Temple of Minerva or “Portonaccio Temple,” 6th c. BCE, Veii, Italy, Etruscan

Pronaos

front porch/portico area of a temple

Cella

enclosed or inner part of a temple

Apollo (Apulu) of Veii, 6th c. BCE, Temple of Minerva (“Portonaccio Temple”), Veii, Italy

Tumulus (plural tumuli)

an artificial burial mound constructed of earth and/or stone

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, late 6th c. BCE, Tarquinia, Italy

Tomb of the Leopards, early 5th c. BCE, Tarquinia, Italy

Sarcophagus of the Spouses, late 6th c. BCE, Cerveteri, Italy

Terracotta Head, 1st c. BCE, Manganello, Italy

Terracotta Urns, 6th c. BCE, Chiusi, Italy

“Mars of Todi,” early 4th c. BCE, Todi, Italy

“Capitoline She-Wolf” ca. 5th c. BCE (babies added 15th c. CE), Rome, Italy

Chimera, 400-350 BCE, Arezzo, Italy

Orthogonal grid

straight streets intersecting at right angles to form regular, rectangular “blocks”

Agora

Central feature of Greek cities. A public space used for economic, political, and religious activities

Peripteral

A peripteral temple has columns on all four sides.

Temple of Hera II, 460-450 BCE, Paestum, Italy

(Frieze of) Temple of Hera I, late 6th c. BCE, Foce del Sele, Italy (8km north of Paestum)

Left is the triglyph, right is the metope

Triglyph

three column motif that separates the metope (decoration) on a frieze

Metope

the decorative area on a frieze that is separated by the triglyph

what are the two areas called?

purple = frieze

yellow = pediment

Tomb of the Diver, 5th c BCE, Paestum, Italy

Riace Bronzes or “Riace Warriors” 450 BCE, Riace, Italy

Terme Boxer, 1st c BCE, Rome, Italy

Terme Prince, 100-50 BCE, Rome, Italy

TUSCAN ORDER

DORIC ORDER

IONIC

CORINTHIAN

COMPOSITE

Servian Wall

4th c. BCE, Rome, Italy

Made of tufa (stone) blocks stacked on to of each other, wall around Rome’s 7 hills, built in the wake of two conflicts

Temple of Portunus, late 4th/early 3rd c. BCE, 1st c. BCE (renovated), Rome (Forum Boarium), Italy; Materials: tufa, travertine (pre-concrete), REPUBLIC

Pyramid of Cestius, 1st c BCE, Rome, Italy; Materials: marble, brick-faced concrete, travertine

not the image on exam but to memorize name and dates

Flavian Amphitheater (“Colosseum”), 72-80 CE, Rome, Italy, EMPIRE: Vespasian, Titus, Domitian

Materials: travertine, tufa, brick-faced concrete

Pantheon, 2nd c CE renovated, Rome, Italy, EMPIRE: Hadrian

Materials: travertine, brick-faced concrete, pumice, marble, granite

“Crane Relief” in Tomb of the Haterii, early 2nd c. CE, Rome, Italy

“Monument Relief” in Tomb of the Haterii, early 2nd c. CE, Rome, Italy

Pomerium

a religious and legal boundary around that delineated spaces for military and funerary activities

Aurelian Wall

271-275 CE, Servian Wall built first, then this one was added, would’ve been very tall and well guarded

The Forma Urbis

ca. early 2nd c. CE, EMPIRE: Septimius Severus

Marble map of Rome at 1:240 scale

Carved on 150 marble slabs, covered an area of ca. 60 x 43 feet

Copy of existing records in a more permanent format (old record house burnt down recently)

1,186 surviving fragments (10-15% of the map)

Meant to document the expansion of the empire and leave people in awe

Forum Boarium

forum on the bank of the Tiber river, original forum in Rome

Forum Romanum

built a little inland of the Forum Boarium between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, religious, political, and economic public space

Basilica

large, roofed building used as a marketplace, courthouse, and assembly space

Curia

a meeting place of the Roman Senate or other similar political assemblies/groups

Forum of Augustus

inaugurated 2 BCE, EMPIRE: Augustus

Temple of Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger)

Statue of Augustus on a quadriga (four-horse chariot)

Porticoes decorated with statues of Rome’s legendary founders, Augustus’ family (?), and the summi viri (“highest men”)

Plan of the forum at Pompeii, 1st c. CE

Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium) ca. 150 BCE (from the forum at Pompeii)

Macellum ca. 2nd c. BCE (from the forum at Pompeii)

Macellum = market building where produce (especially fish and meat) was sold

Building of Eumachia ca. 1st c. CE (from the forum at Pompeii)

Woman built this with her own money

The Municipal Offices (including the Curia) ca. 2nd c. BCE (from the forum at Pompeii)

The Basilica ca. 2nd c. BCE (from the forum at Pompeii)

Port at Puteoli

ca. 2nd c. BCE, Pozzuoli, Italy

concrete core with stone facing used to construct the pier

early port for Rome, landing place for trading etc then would be brought to Rome

Wall Painting with Representation of Port at Puteoli, 1st c. CE, Stabiae, Italy

Souvenir Glass Flask with Representation of Puteoli, 3rd-4th c. CE, North Africa, probably

Port at Portus

ca. 1st-2nd c. CE, Ostia, Italy, EMPIRE: Claudius (phase 1), Trajan (phase 2)

second port built for Rome, closer to city, port walls made of arches and columns

concrete core with stone facing, lighthouse, stone lined inner basin

Coin of Nero Representing the Outer Harbor at Portus, ca. 1st c. CE, Findspot Unknown

Mosaic Representing the Lighthouse at Portus

(not an image ID, photo for reference)

ca. 2nd c. CE, Ostia, Italy

First Style of wall painting

Masonry style. Imitation of stone/stone architecture using molded and painted lime-based stucco or plaster. Borrowed from the Greeks.

ex: House of Sallust and House of Samnites

House of the Samnites (Entrance), 2nd c. BCE, Herculaneum, Italy

First style

House of Sallust (Atrium)

2nd c. BCE, Pompeii, Italy, first style

Second Style of wall painting

imagined 3D landscapes. De-emphasis on the wall/structure of the wall (opposite of 1st style). Large-scale figural or landscape paintings.

ex: Villa at Boscoreale

Villa at Boscoreale (Room M, Cubiculum), mid 1st c. BCE, Boscoreale, Italy

second style

Third Style of wall painting

Wall is a wall, no interest in illusion. Predominantly monochromatic backgrounds. Common decorative motifs: fanciful architecture, candelabra (candle-holders), small-scale figural or landscape scenes.

ex: Villa at Boscotrecase

Villa at Boscotrecase (Entrance), 1st c. BCE, Boscotrecase, Italy

third style (monochrome, ornate but unrealistic architectural features)

Fourth Style of wall painting

Combination of the previous three styles!

ex: House of the Vettii

House of the Vettii (Room P, Triclinium), 1st c. CE, Pompeii, Italy

fourth style (masonry, architecture, monochrome panels, Greek stories)

The Garden Room Fresco Villa of Livia, late 1st c. BCE, Prima Porta (near Rome), Italy

second style, Livia was wife of Augustus and mother of Tiberius (second emperor)

Unswept Floor Mosaic, 2nd c. CE, Rome, Italy

This style of decoration – the so-called “unswept floor” – was popularized by a Greek artist of the 2nd c. BCE

Odyssey Landscapes, 1st c. BCE, Rome, Italy

second style, Odysseus meets with the shades in the Underworld

The Alexander Mosaic House of the Faun (Tablinum), 1st c. BCE, Pompeii, Italy

made of nearly 2 million pieces, based on a painting made by a Greek artist in the 4th/3rd c. BCE, battle between Alexander the Great (King of Macedon) and Darius (King of Persia)

Mosaic of She-Wolf with Romulus and Remus, 4th c. CE, Aldborough, England

The Cupid Frieze

In the House of the Vettii (Triclinium?), 1st c. CE, Pompeii, Italy

fourth style, house owned by two formerly enslaved people, cupids making/selling perfumed oil, making flower garlands, and selling wine

Villa of Tiberius

early 1st c. CE, Sperlonga, Italy

large outdoor estate, hoping to show his power and validate his claim of power

Grotto and Dining Room - has Greek legend Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemus (cyclops and son of Poseidon) in it, lots of statues, very grand and impressive

Golden House (Domus Aurea)

64-68 CE, Rome, Italy, EMPIRE: Nero

After a fire destroyed parts of Rome Nero built this in its place, huge estate

The “Octagonal Hall” - precursor to the Pantheon, dome = concrete, walls = brick-faced concrete (likely covered with marble slabs), way smaller scale than Pantheon

Villa of Hadrian

early 2nd c. CE (started c. 118 CE), Tivoli, Italy, EMPIRE: Hadrian

large sprawling estate

Circular Island Suite (“Maritime Theater”), Villa of Hadrian, early 2nd c. CE, Tivoli, Italy

dining room, bedrooms, bath, likely residence of Hadrian or his wife, more private, interesting layout with the circular nature of it

no an image ID, just for reference here

Canopus and Serapeum, Villa of Hadrian, early 2nd c. CE, Tivoli, Italy

Canopus = canal off the Nile River in Alexandria (Egypt), Copies of Greek sculptures: Amazons (female warriors), Male warrior (Theseus? Ares?), Caryatids (column supports shaped like women) alligator statues and personification of Tiber river

*Expansive reach of the empire and his personal fascination with Egypt and his friend Antinuous

Serapeum = religious site dedicated to the Egyptian god Serapis, space functioned as a dining room

not image ID

Antinoeion, Villa of Hadrian, early 2nd c. CE, Tivoli, Italy

Antinoeion = religious site dedicated to Antinuous, his friend (and lover?) who passed away, diefied him, not common of people who aren’t Emperor