Photosynthesis

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering the structures, inputs, outputs, and processes of photosynthesis.

Photosystems

Protein complexes containing chlorophyll that absorb light energy and initiate the flow of electrons.

Chloroplast

The site of photosynthesis in plant cells containing the thylakoid membranes (where light-dependent reactions occur) and the stroma (where the Calvin cycle occurs).

Thylakoid Membrane

A membrane system inside the chloroplast that contains photosystems and the electron transport chain where light-dependent reactions take place.

Grana

Stacks of thylakoid membranes that increase the surface area available for the light-dependent reactions.

Stroma

The fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes that contains enzymes and molecules needed for the Calvin cycle.

Photolysis of Water

The splitting of water ($H_2O$) to provide electrons, protons ($H^+$), and oxygen.

Oxygen ($O_2$)

A byproduct produced from the splitting of water and released into the atmosphere.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Reactions occurring in the thylakoid membrane where light energy is used to split water, release oxygen, and produce ATP and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle

Light-independent reactions occurring in the stroma where ATP and NADPH are used to fix carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and produce glucose.

Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$)

Gas from the atmosphere that enters the chloroplast and is fixed during the Calvin cycle to produce sugar.

Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)

The sugar produced by the Calvin cycle that is used for energy and growth in the plant.