Biol 5 (Week 9)

Whole blood is made up of what two compartments.

Plasma and formed elements.

Under normal conditions, which formed element is the most abundant?

Red blood cells.

Proteins in the blood are found in which whole blood compartment.

Blood plasma compartment.

Which type of plasma protein creates ‘osmotic pressure.’

Albumin.

Where in the bone are blood cells formed.

Red bone marrow.

Do leukocytes and erythrocytes come from the same ‘master cell.’

Yes, leukocytes (white blood cells) and erythrocytes (red blood cells) come from the exact same "master cell."

How many oxygen molecules can a erythrocyte carry.

1 billion to 1.2 billion oxygen.

Which type of energy pathway (way of making ATP) do erythrocytes use.

Anaerobic glycolysis.

How is the majority of CO2 transported in the body.

Bicarbonate ions (\(HCO_{3}^{-}\)) in the blood plasma.

If I give blood, which hormone will be released that will cause my bones to make new red blood cells.

Erythropoietin (often called EPO).

Which organ releases the above hormone (erythropoietin).

The kidneys.

If you feel chronically run down, and have low energy, what ‘disease of the blood’ may you have.

Anemia.

What are the structures of the Respiratory System.

An upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract.

Why do we need a Respiratory System?

It supplies your body with the oxygen your cells need to survive and removes carbon dioxide, a toxic waste product.

How does the CVS and the Respiratory System work together?

A tightly coordinated team—often called the cardiopulmonary system—to deliver oxygen to your cells and remove carbon dioxide waste.

Flow of air through the Respiratory System.

Nose or mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer.

List the three structures in the Upper Respiratory Tract and a two details about them.

Nose and Nasal Cavity:

Air conditioning: It warms, humidifies, and filters inhaled air before it reaches the lungs.

Particle trapping: It is lined with mucous membranes and tiny hair-like structures called cilia that trap dust and pathogens.

Pharynx (Throat):

Dual pathway: It acts as a shared muscular passage for both air (respiratory system) and food/liquid (digestive system).

Three regions: It is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Larynx (Voice Box):

Sound production: It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate as air passes over them to create speech.

Swallowing protection: It features the epiglottis, a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that folds down over the windpipe during swallowing to keep food out of the lungs.

What structures make up the Upper Respiratory Tract

____, ____, ____.

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mouth (oral cavity), pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).

What structures make up the Lower Respiratory Tract

___, ____, ____.

Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi (Mainstem, lobar, and segmental bronchi), Lungs (Including bronchioles and alveoli).

Why do we need oxygen? What transports oxygen? How does the oxygen from the air get into the blood?

Every cell in the body uses it to turn food into ATP. RBC, hemoglobin, and the cardiovascular system transport oxygen. The oxygen from the air gets into the blood by inhalation, diffusion across barriers, and movement from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What do you think makes the lungs move?

The diaphragm and the rib muscles.