Phonetics mid term week 1

phonetics

the study of speech sounds

phonology

how speech sounds are mentally represennted and how they are combined into real words

articulatory phonetics

movements of speech that produce sounds. How the lips, tongue, jaw, and velum move.

ex. how "s" is pronounced

acoustic phonetics

study of the actual auditory signal generated when speech sounds are produced. How the pressure wave is represented and measured.

ex. comparing the loudness of "s" to other sounds

auditory phonetics

how we hear, categorize, and perceive speech sounds. How listeners hear, discriminate, and categorize.

ex. the age at which we can tell the difference of "e" and "s" sounds

linguistic phonetics

understanding how articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics influence how speech sounds occur

clinical phonetics

The study and practical application of phonetics to solving real-life problems affecting the diagnosis and treatment of individuals who exhibit speech sound errors

phones

the physical sound you utter out loud

phonemes

the smallest unit of sound that establishes meaning in words, these can not be changed because they will change the meaning of the word produced

ex. "bat" vs "pat"

allophones

a phonetic variation of a single sound that does not change the meaning of the word

othography

the conventional spelling system of a language, how graphemes (letters) are put together and how the phonemes are uttered as phones

IPA

a set of symbols that represent speech sounds from any given language each representing one consonant or vowel

virguels / /

represent phonemic transcription

brackets [ ]

represents phonetic transcription

phonemic

how its built

phonetic

how its sounds/produced

system cxomplexity

a method that targets difficult, later-developing speech sounds or consonant clusters first, rather than starting with easier, early-acquired sounds

linguistic complexity

how physically, articulatory, or acoustically difficult a speech sound, cluster, or system is to produce and perceive

response complexity

the number of target sounds or sound sequences a clinician must evaluate and score during a single speech sample or task

language difference

Variations in speech and language production that are the result of a person's cultural, linguistic, and social environments

language disorder

impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

letters

graphemes, what make up the orthographic production of words

ex. english alphabet

syllables

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word

consonant structure

Initial, medial, final

abutting

consonants held together in a word

ex. "sk" in "skip"

consonant clusters

group of consonants which have no intervening vowel, this is a single unit occupying the same position

ex. "sk" in "skip" or "nd" in "hand"

syllable initiating

syllables that occur in the syllable initial position

ex. "h" and "t" in "ho.tel"

syllable arresting

syllables that occur in the syllable final position

ex. "l" in "ho.tel"

coarticulation

the overlapping of speech structures

ex. "ll" in "sil.ly"

ambisyllabic

consonant sounds that sound like they belong in two syllables

ex. "silly" "sil.ly"

morphology

a combination of sounds where meaning can happen

ex. lunch + breakfast = brunch

minimal pairs

words that differ minimally by one sounds at the same spot within the word

Semantics

sound contrasts help distinguish words and messages (meaning)

pragmatics

context shapes how forms are selected and interpreted (use)

homophones

two words that have different spelling but same pronunciations

ex. bear vs. bare

homographs

same spelling but pronunciation can sometimes differ and meaning always differs

opaque spelling

shared letters do not guarantee shared sounds

ex. through vs. rough

phonotactics

the sound structure of syllables and words; also called syllable and word shape

maximal onset principle

assign intervocalic consonants to a possible following onset respecting the phonotactics of a language

intervocalic consonants

a consonant sound that is situated directly between two vowel sounds within or across words

initiating/onset

consonant material before the nucleus (initial)

arresting/coda

consonant material at the nucleus (final)

nucleus

the organizing center of an open or closed syllable (vowel center)

open syllable

V or CV

closed syllable

VC or CVC

contrastive stress

the use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent and to direct the listener

lexical stress

the degree of emphasis on individual syllables within words

grammatical stress

the stress pattern in a word that indicates its linguistic function or syntactic category

ex. CONtent vs. conTENT

first syllable stress

nouns + adjectives + verbs

ex. tuesday, purple, slowly

second syllable stress

many verbs/prepositions

ex. agree or above

first element stress

many compounds

ex. playground