Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination - Exam 2 (Ch. 5-6, 8) - Ball State | Luttrell

Prejudice

Attitudes toward people based solely on their group

Jim Crow Racism

The form of overt prejudice by the White majority against members of other racial groups, often embodied in law, that was the social norm in the United States prior to World War II

Contemporary Prejudice

-Bias that takes a more subtle form

-Not explicitly endorsing prejudice

Implicit Prejudice

Intergroup stereotypes and attitudes that are activated in memory when the person encounters a member of an outgroup without the person being aware that the activation has occurred

Explicit Prejudice

Intergroup attitudes and stereotypes that people intentionally retrieve from memory such as a memory

Symbolic Prejudice

Prejudice based on the perception that outgroup values threaten the values of one's ingroup; see also modern prejudice.

Old-Fashioned Prejudice

I hate minorities; they are biologically inferior; discrimination is justifiable

Modern-Symbolic Prejudice

I don't like minorities; they are morally inferior; discrimination no longer exists

Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice

1. Racial prejudice and discrimination no longer exist

2. Racial economic differences = Lack of effort

3. Black people's anger over inequality is unjustified

4. Black people seek special favors

5. Black people getting more than they deserve

Aversive Prejudice

"I don't like discrimination, but don't like minorities either; they make me anxious"

Egalitarian Values

1. Equality of Opportunity

-Everyone deserves the same choice

2. Equality of Outcomes

-Everyone should have an equal share of successes

Ambivalent

I don't like discrimination; I have positive and negative beliefs about minorities

Which one would someone with modern-symbolic prejudice endorse?

Equality of Opportunity or Equality of Outcomes

Equality of Outcomes

Partner Discomfort Study

-Non-Black male participants

-Do a word-find task with partner

-Interact with White or Black confederate

Point 1: People with aversive prejudice are uncomfortable, anxious around minorities

Point 2: Over-compensate via increased reported liking

Response Amplification

More extreme behavior towards a stigmatized group

-More positive when good

-More negative when bad

Ambivalent Persuasion Study

-Measure ambivalence toward native people

-Receive persuasive information

•PRO-Native land grants

•ANTI-Native land grants

-Measure attitudes toward native people

Main Point: To reduce conflict, ambivalent people swing more extremely to one side or the other

Explicit Attitudes

The judgment we consciously make

Implicit Attitudes

The first judgment that comes to mind

Individual Differences

1. Ideology

2. Values

3. Self-Esteem

Ideology

Set of attitudes that predispose people to view the world in certain ways

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

A set of attitudes— authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism— that lead people to be prejudiced against groups that authority figures condemn and that are perceived to violate traditional values

German Hiring Study

-West Germans role-play as department head

-Measured RWA

-Receive a note from the company president:

•"Hiring East Germans would be a bad idea"

vs. control

-Do they recommend hiring an East German?

Main Point: People high in RWA engaged in sanctioned discrimination.

Social Dominance Orientation

An individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which one desires that one's ingroup dominate and be superior to outgroups

Fixed Pie Fallacy

•Resources are "zero sum"

•Someone's gain is someone else's loss

•Minority gain = majority loss

Legitimizing Myths

-Beliefs used to justify status quo, rationalizing

-E.g., Minority group members not in powerful positions

"They're lazy, unintelligent."

"African Americans are athletic; they make good athletes" ... not business leaders

Political Orientation

Running along a continuum from conservative to liberal and can be reflected in people's support of political parties that reflect their viewpoints

Values

Enduring beliefs about important goals we aspire to

Egalitarianism

-Value of equal opportunity, equal treatment, and concern for others' well-being

-A "brake" on prejudiced reactions

-Less prejudice

-Like non-specific "anti-prejudice"

-Not specific to any group

Value-Dissimilarity Hypothesis

Believing outgroup doesn't share ingroup'svalues → prejudice

Individualism

Value independence & work ethic

-Common in the U.S.

-Prejudice toward groups stereotyped as lazy

•African Americans

•Overweight people

Family Values

-Lesbians and gay men thought to violate these values

-Greater endorsement of "family values"

→ Greater prejudice against lesbians and gay

men

Attribution Value Model

-Prejudice depends on:

-1. Violation of Values

-2. Perceived responsibility for

violations

-"Controllable" → Prejudice

-"Uncontrollable" →Less/No Prejudice

Weight Responsibility Study

-Form impressions of an overweight woman

-Perceived Responsibility

-"Overweight due to a medical condition"

-"Overweight due to overeating"

-"Do you think you would like this person?"

-Medical Condition - Would Like

-Overeating - Wouldn't Like As Much

Self-Esteem

An evaluation of yourself

Secure High Self-Esteem

High Explicit Self-Esteem & High Implicit Self-Esteem

Defensive High Self-Esteem

High Explicit Self-Esteem & Low Implicit Self-Esteem

Social Identity Theory

Part of self-concept that comes from group membership

Self-Esteem Hypothesis

If group is good, you are good

Basking in Reflected Glory

Celebrating ingroup's victory like your own

Ingroup Favoritism

Viewing ingroup positively

Outgroup Derogation

Viewing outgroup negatively

Minimal Group Paradigm

Creating artificial and arbitrary ingroups/outgroups

Minimal Groups Study

-Divided into meaningless groups

-"Klee" people, "Kandinsky" people

-Distribute "money" to other participants

-Only given ID and group info

-Results: People favored own group

Minimal Groups & Kids

-5-yr-olds

-Pick redor blue coin (hidden)

-See other kids who picked red vs. blue

-Rate liking for each kid

-Split coins between two kids (red/blue)

Kids preferred other kids with samecolor shirt.

Determinants of Social Identity

Distinctiveness and ingroup threat

Distinctiveness

Seeming different highlights identity

Ingroup Threat

Threat to ingroup highlights identity

9/11 = Increase in importance of American Identity

Racial Shift Study

-400+ White Americans read press release

-Rate feelings toward racial groups

-Press Release:

-"People move residence more each year" or

"In a generation, ethnic minorities may be the

U.S. majority"

Confronting demographic change = More negative views of minorities

Realistic Conflict Theory

Prejudice comes from perceived competition for limited resources

Robbers Cave Study

22 boys split into two groups. One team vs the other in competitions to receive prize. Being in a competition with each other, both teams became more aggressive against the opposing team.

Implications for Immigrant Prejudice

•Job loss to immigrants →negative attitudes toward immigrants

•Poor economic conditions + large immigrant population = anti-immigrant attitudes

•High unemployment rates → immigration opposition

Perceived vs. Reality

-Perceived competition is sufficient

-Simply believing that resources are scarce→

-Prejudice toward Asian-Americans but

not African Americans

-Greater ingroup favoritism

Zero-Sum

-Competition → View Competition as Zero-Sum (like SDO!)

Ingroup Restriction

-Competition → Restrict Ingroup

Face Categorization Study

-Prime white students with scarcity or abundance

-Categorize racially ambiguous faces

-Abundance → 61% seen as White

-Scarcity → 52% seen as White

Relative Deprivation Theory

Not getting your share of the resources

Distributive Justice

Outcomes should be fairly distributed (merit-based)

Procedural Justice

The fairness of the process by which rewards are distributed

Personal Deprivation

-Feeling deprived as individual

-Unrelated to prejudice

Group Deprivation

-Feeling one's group is deprived

-Related to prejudice