Respiratory system

the main function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with _______ and expel _________

O2, CO2

the minor functions of the respiratory system are:

speech, small, pH

the respiratory tract can be broken down into two regions:

upper and lower respiratory tracts

the upper respiratory tract includes the?

nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx

the pharynx has three parts:

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

the lower respiratory tract includes the:

larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolar duct, and the alveoli

the bronchus includes the ______ bronchus, ___________ bronchus, and the __________ bronchus

main, lobar, and segmental

the bronchioles include the _______ and ________________

terminal and respiratory

the terminal bronchiole is apart of the ___________ zone and the respiratory bronchiole is apart of the _____________ zone

conduction; respiratory

the lungs are located in the _________ cavity

pleural

the main bronchi enter the lungs at the _______

hilum

the epithelium of the respiratory progressively gets _______ as the passageway gets ___________

thinner; smaller

the types of epithelium found in order:

pseudostratified columnar, simple columnar, simple cuboidal, and simple sqaumous

the nasal cavity would have ___________________ ____________

pseudostatified columnar

the bronchi would have _________ ____________ whereas the bronchioles would have _________ ___________

simple columnar, simple cuboidal

mucus escalator is when the ____ on the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa trap __________ and push upward

cilia; debris

air first enters our nostrils also known as ___________ _______

external nares

our nasal cavity is separated into two halves by a structure called the nasal ___________

septum

nasal conchae create _____________ ________

turbulent airflow

the larynx is also known as the “__________________”

voicebox

the larynx contains ligaments and folds called ____________ ________

vocal cords

the larynx is protected by two shields of cartilage:

thyroid (adams apple) and circoid (larynx to trachea)

the changing of shape of the glottis allow us to create _____________

sound

sound is affected by vocal cords in three ways:

range, pitch, and loudness

the trachea is also known as the __________ _______

wind pipe

alveoli are the primary site of ______ _______________

gas exchange

the vessels surrounding the alveoli are called _______________ capillaries.

pulmonary

there are two types of alveolar cells:

type I and type II

type one alveolar cells are most of the _____________ ________

alveolar lining

type two alveolar cells are _____________ than type one

thicker

type two alveolar cells secrete a detergent called ________________ which prevents alveoli from __________________

surfactant; collapsing

there are two lungs in humans in our ___________ cavity but more specifically in the ____________ cavity

thoracic; pleural

there are two membranes in the pleural cavity:

parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

in between the two cavities there is _______________ fluid which creates ____________

intrapleural; pressure

the left lung contains _____ lobes, and the right lung contains ______ lobes

2; 3

the space in our lungs where the bronchi and pulmonary vessels leave is called the _____________

hilum

__________________ is the process by which gas exchange occurs.

respiration

when air is moved into and out of our lungs it is called ____________ ________________

pulmonary ventilation

when O2 and CO2 go into the blood/alveoli it is called?

alveolar gas exchange

the exchange of gases between blood and systemic cells is called the?

systemic gas exchange

Boyles law is where increasing volume _______________ pressure

decreases

when the diaphragm contracts, it creates space, which ___________ pressure and therefore has dropped ___________ atomospheric pressure, so air will move __________ our lungs

decreases, below, into

air moves into our lungs when atomospheric pressure is ________ than intrapulmonary pressure

greater

quiet breathing relies on the contraction and relaxation of the _______________ and _____________ ______________muscles

diaphragm, external intercostal

the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, serratus posterior superior, pectoralis minor, and errector spinae are muscles of forced _______________

inspiration

the transverus thoracis, serratus posterior inferior, internal intercostal, external oblique, and transverus abdominis are muscles of forced _____________

expiration

pulmonary ventilation is regulated by the ____________ and ____________ of our brainstem

medualla and pons

central chemoreceptors are located in the ____________ and control ________ levels

medulla, pH/H+

peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _________________ bodies and control ___________________

aortic and carotid bodies; H+ and respiratory gases

proprioreceptors

body movements

baroreceptors

stretch

irritant receptors

particles

the dorsal respiratory group is the ___________

integrator

the ventral respiratory group is the ____________ generator

rythmn

the pontine respiratory group __________ _________

fine tunes

partial pressure of CO2 in alveolar gas exchange is ____________ in air than blood, therefore CO2 moves ____________ our blood.

lower; out of

partial pressure of O2 in alveolar gas exchange is _____________ in air than blood; therefore O2 move _________ our blood

higher; into

the transport of oxygen is due to _____________

hemoglobin

at high partial pressures, the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is ______

high

as temperatures increase, saturation is lower, therefore

oxygen is release

when there is lower pH levels, saturation is lower, therefore

oxygen is released

when saturation is high, _______ oxygen is released

less

CO2 is most bound to _________, then ____________, and then dissolved in __________

bicarbonate, hemoglobin, plasma

hypoventilation is when there is ______ _____________ air in our lungs

not enough

hyperventilation is when there is _______ _______________ air in our lungs

too much

obstructive pulmonary disorder, there is the inability to _____________, large RV, and can lead to _______________ and chronic _____________

exhale; emphysema, bronchitis

restrictive pulmonary disorder you have the inability to _________ and have a reduced VC, which can lead to ______________, ______, and pulmonary ___________

pneumnia, TB, edema