Exam 2 - zona fasciculata

When ACTH stimulates the zona fasciculata, what is produced

glucocorticoid: cortisol

what molecules are involved in the classical conversion of cholesterol to cortisol

cholesterol

pregnenolone

17- hydrocyprenenolone

17-hydroxyprogesterone

11-deoxycortisol

cortisol

what enzymes are involved in the classical conversion of cholesterol to cortisol

CD, 17a, 3B-HDS, 21, 11B

what molecules are involved in alternative conversion of cholesterol to cortisol

cholesterol

pregnenolone

progesterone

17-hydroxyprogesterone

11-deoxycortisol

cortisol

what enzymes are involved in the alternative pathway of cholesterol into cortisol

CD, 3B-HDS, 17a, 11B

how many secretory bursts of cortisol are made in a 24-hour period

10

when is the lowest secretory rate of cortisol

evening hours, just after falling asleep

when is highest secretory rate of cortisol

right before awakening

what can alter the internal clock which drives the diurnal pattern of cortisol release

altering sleep-wake cycle

what can abolish the diurnal pattern of cortisol release

coma, blindness, constant exposure to light or dark

what is one of the most important roles of cortisol

regulating blood sugar

cortisol is able to directly inhibit secretion of what from the hypothalamus? how does it do this?

CRH

affecting hippocampal neurons

cortisol can inhibit the action of CRH on the ____ pituitary which results in inhibition of what

anterior, secretion of ACTH

long term stress can increase the release of what? what does this lead to due to a negative feedback loop?

CRH and ACTH

produce more cortisol

t/f

only select cells in the body have receptors for cortisol

false, almost all of them do

what controls cortisol release

HPA axis

what are some locations of the body which are affected by cortisol

brain, heart, kidney, immune system, bone, fat, skeletal muscle, pancreas, liver

how does cortisol stimulate gluconeogenesis and storage of glycogen

increases protein catabolism in muscle and decreases protein syntehsis

why does cortisol increase lipolysis

provide glycerol for liver to use for gluconeogenesis

what effect does cortisol have on the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue

decrease in order to decrease glucose uptake by cells

hypercortisolism leads to ____

hypocortisolism leads to ___

hyperglycemia

hypoglycemia

what kind of effect does cortisol have on the inflammatory immune response? how?

inhibitory

inhibits synthesis of precursor (phospholipase A2) for prostaglandins and leukotrienes (which mediate immune response)

which cytokine does cortisol inhibit the production of

IL-2

what substances are unable to be released from mast cells and platelets because cortisol inhibits them

histamine and serotonin

what effect does cortisol have on bone

increase resorption (breakdown)

Does cortisol increase of decrease bone formation?

decrease:

synthesis of type I collagen

formation of new bone by osteoblasts

intestinal calcium absorption

does cortisol cause VD or VC of afferent arterioles? What does this cause an increase of short-term? chronic high levels of cortisol may lead to a decrease in what?

VD, renal blood flow and GFR

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

where are glucocorticoid receptors found

brain - limbic system

describe effects cortisol has on sleep

decrease REM

increase slow-wave sleep

increase awake time

what are known as the anti-stress glands

adrenal glands

what characterizes stage 1 of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

general alarm reaction: first reaction to stress

body releases stress hormones

what occurs in stage 2 of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

following chronic stress, body adapts

increase glucose and BP

stage 3 of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

exhaustion, body runs out of reserves of energy and immunity

bld sugar decrease, body organ failure

chronic stress puts the adrenal into overdrive causing increased production of what? eventually the adrenal can no longer keep up with the demand and what occurs?

cortisol

adrenal fatigue

when testing cortisol levels, is it best to do one test or many throughout the day? is it measuring total cortisol or free cortisol?

many, free

what enzyme converts cortisol to cortisone

11B type 2

herbal medicines which are restorative to the HPA axis are known as

adaptogens

what can happen if a patient is given hydrocortisone or prednisone if there are low levels of free cortisol and they are symptomatic

suppress adrenals and worsen underlying issue

what are some foods to avoid if one has adrenal fatigue

processed foods