Brain and Spinal Cord Anatomy
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131 Terms
What is the nervous system composed of?
the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
What are the components of the central nervous system
the brain and the spinal cord
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system
cranial nn., spinal nn., and peripheral nn.
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
to carry sensory information from the body to the CNS and carry motor information from the CNS to the body
Is the visceral nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
What is the function of the visceral nervous system?
to carry sensory information from the organs to the CNS and to carry motor information from the CNS to the organs
What are the parts of a neuron?
cell body, dendrites, and axons
In a neuron, what does the cell body do?
it is where the nucleus of the cell is found and it integrates electrical signals
What is the function of a dendrite?
it receives input from other neurons
What is the function of a axon?
it conducts signals away from the cell body
True or false axons can be myelinated or unmyelinated?
true
What does myelination determine?
how fast a signal can travel through the axon
How is the myelin sheath formed?
by glial cells
What is the outer surface of the brain called?
the cerebral cortex
What makes up the cerebral cortex?
6 layers of cell bodies (gray matter)
What makes up the internal surface of the brain?
myelinated axonal processes that also extend into cerebral hemisphers
What are the gyri (gyrus)?
the raised ridges/bumps on the outer surface of the brain
What are the sulci (sulcus)?
the grooves between the ridges
How do the gyri and sulci of the brain work together?
they maximize the brain’s surface area
How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?
contralateral communication; right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body
What is the lateral surface of the motor and somatosensory cortices responsible for?
the face and upper limb
What is the medial surface of the motor and somatosensory cortices responsible for?
the lower extremity
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
executive function; thought memory, behavior, movement, and production of speech
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
sensory information
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
hearing and comprehension of speech
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
vision
What is the function of the limbic lobe?
emotional response, and memory
What is the limbic lobe composed of?
pieces of every lobe called the cingulate gyrus
What does the central sulcus do?
separate the frontal and parietal lobes
What is the precentral gyrus?
the primary motor cortex
What lobe is the precentral gyrus in?
the frontal lobe
What is the postcentral gyrus?
the primary somatosensory cortex?
What lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex in?
the parietal lobe
How are the motor and somatosensory cortices organized?
they are mirrored; the medial side controls the lower extremity and the lateral side controls the face and upper limb
What is the cerebellum?
the little brain; responsible for balance and coordination, smooth, synergistic muscle control
What is the Diencephalon?
composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus; acts as the relay center, maintains homeostasis and circadian rhythm
What is the function of the Epithalamus?
maintains circadian rhythm
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
maintains homeostatsis
What is the function of the Thalamus?
it is the sensory relay center
What is the function of the pons?
bridge; convey information to and from the cerebrum
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
serves as the interface between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain
What is the brainstem?
composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and controls the amount of peripheral blood flow
What is the ventricular system?
spaces within the brain and brainstem that are responsible for production and flow of cerebral spinal fluid
How does CSF support the brain?
it circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space, it serves as a buffer for the brain against outside trauma, and it supports the CNS through buoyancy
Whee does CSF circulate the brain and spinal cord?
in the subarachnoid space
What is the difference between a potential space and a actual space?
a potential space is not there unless there is a pathology (ex. epidural hematoma)
what are the cranial meninges and spaces
Epidural Space
Dura Mater
Subdural Space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater
What are the potential spaces?
epidural space and subdural space
What are the actual spaces?
subarachnoid space
What structure runs between the skull and the dura mater?
the middle meningeal a.
What is the strongest meninge?
the dura mater
What are the layers of the dura mater?
Periosteal layer (superficial)
dural venous sinus
meningeal layer (deep)
What does the arachnoid mater do?
composed of arachnoid granulations; CSF is reabsorbed into the venous system
What are the contents of the subarachnoid space
CSF, cerebral arteries, and cerebral veins
Where do the dural folds come from?
from the meningeal (inner) layer of dura
What do dural folds do?
support and limit movement of the brain
What is the falx cerebri?
dural fold that separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres
What is the falx cerebelli?
dural fold that separates the left and right cerebellar hemispheres
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
dural fold that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum by making a “tent” over the cerebellum
What makes up the dural venous sinuses?
periosteal and menigeal layers of dura mater separate and form venous channels
What drains into the dural venous sinuses?
most cerebral vv. in the subarachnoid space
How does most of the blood from the skull exit?
through the internal jugular vein through the jugular foramen
Which vessel enters the cranium through the carotid canal?
internal carotid artery
Where do verterbral arteries enter the cranium?
through the foramen magnum
The internal carotid aa. are branches from what artery?
it splits from the common carotid a. which is a branch of the subclavian a.
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium?
through the carotid canal
Vertebral arteriers are branches from what artery?
the subclavian artery.
What structures do the verterbral aa. travel through?
travels through the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebra and enters the cranium through the foramen magnum
Once the vertebral aa. pass through the foramen magnum it forms which artery?
the basilar artery
The basilar artery is formed from which arteries?
vertebral arteries
The vertebral arteries travel through the transverse foramina of what vertebrae?
cervical vertebrae
What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain in to?
the straight sinus
What sinuses drain into the confluence of sinues?
the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus
What is the major venous pathway after draining into the confluence of sinuses?
transverse sinus → sigmoid sinus →internal jugular v.
What branches off from the basilar artery?
posterior cerebral arteries
When the internal carotid arteries enter the cranium, what arteries branch from it?
anterior and middle cerebral aa.
What is the circle of willis?
the anastomosis at the base of the brain
The posterior cerebral aa. and internal carotid aa. are connected by which artery in the circle of willis?
the posterior communicating artery
The left and right anterior cerebral aa. are connected by which artery in the circle of willis?
the anterior communicating a.
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 paired cranial nerves
Where do the cranial nerves originate?
from the brain or the brain stem
CN I:
Olfactory n.
What is the olfactory n. function?
sensory: smell
Where does CN I (Olfactory n.) exit?
cribriform plate through the ethmoid bone
CN II:
Optic n.
What is the optic n. function?
sensory: vision
Where does CN II (optic n.) exit?
optic canal through the sphenoid bone
CN III:
Oculomotor n.
what is the oculomotor n. function?
motor: eye movement and parasympathetic pupillary constriction
What muscles of the eye are innervated by CN III: oculomotor?
superior rectus m.
inferior rectus m.
medial rectus m.
inferior oblique m.
What eye movement does the superior rectus m. produce?
lateral and up
What eye movement does the inferior rectus m. produce?
lateral and down
What eye movement does the medial rectus m. produce?
medial
What eye movement does the inferior oblique m. produce?
medial and down
Where does CN III (oculomotor n.) exit?
superior orbital fissure through the sphenoid bone
CN IV:
trochlear n.
what is the trochlear n. function?
motor: eye movement
Which muscle of the eye is innervated by CN IV: trochlear n.?
superior oblique m.
What eye movement does the superior oblique m. produce?
medial and down