intro to cognitive neuropsychology exam 1

Cell body

Houses the nucleus of the neuron and integrates incoming signals from the dendrites, contributing to the generation of action potentials.

dendrite

Branch-like extensions that receive signals from other neurons, transmitting them to the cell body.

axon

The long, thin structure that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles, facilitating communication in the nervous system.

Dorsal nerves

nerves that carry incoming sensory information in from the body to the spinal cord

Ventral nerves

nerves that cary motor information out from the spinal cord to the muscles, facilitating movement.

olfactory nerve

nerve that facilitates smell

optic nerve

nerve that facilitates vision

occulomotor

trochlear

abducens

nerves that facilitate eye movements

trigeminal nerve bundle

bundle of 5 nerves that facilitate touch and pain on the face, as well as the jaw muscles

facial nerve

nerve that control face muscles

auditory nerve

nerve that relays hearing information

Glossopharyngeal nerve

nerves for muscles of throat and larynx as well as taste

Vagus nerve

longest nerve in the brain: controls homeostatic functions such as breathing

Spinal accessory nerve

controls neck muscles

Hypoglossal nerve

controls tongue movements

Rostrol

towards front of brain

Caudal

towards the tail (or down the brainstem for humans)

Anterior

towards front

Posterior

towards back

Superior

towards top

Inferior

towards bottom

medial

center

lateral

towards sides

horizontal plane/cut

also called axial plane/cut, it cuts brain horizontally

coronal plane/cut

cuts through the middle of the brain (when viewing from the side)

sagittal plane/cut

cuts between the eyes

Gyrus (Gyri)

upfolds of the brain

Sulcus (Sulci)

dips between the gyri

Fissure

deep grooves that divide the brain into hemispheres and lobes (essentially larger sulci)

fissure in the center of the head between eyes all the way through to the back of head

inter hemispheric fissure or longitudinal fissure

fissure thats located somewhat like a coronal slice through the top of the brain

Rolandic fissure or central fissure

fissure that goes between the temporal lobe and the frontal and parietal lobes.

lateral fissure or sylvian fissure

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus

primary somatic sensory cortex

very back of occipital lobe is what primary cortex

primary visual cortex

superior temporal lobe

primary auditory cortex

what does parieto-occipital sulcus seperate

the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

corpus callosum

big band of fibers that connect left and right hemispheres of the brain

Cerebral cortex

gray matter on the outer surface of the brain

gray matter

major component of the CNS: made up of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

White matter

major type of tissue in the central nervous system: made up of axons that are protected and aided by a myelin sheath.

ventricles

cavities within the brain that allow the flow of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

Nucleus

a cluster of grey matter

Ganglia

a place where cell bodies of sensory neurons cluster outside the spinal cord

cortical damage

damage to the cerebral cortex (the grey matter surrounding the brain)