Exam 3 Paractice test

Epiphysis

ends of the bone ( where joints are)

Diaphysis

Shaft (long middle part of bone)

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone (healing/blood supply)

what are the common types of fractures?

Transverse, Oblique, Spiral, Greenstone, & Comminuted

Transverse Fracture

Straight across bone

Oblique Fracture

Diagnosis line across bone

Spiral Fracture

Twisting of the bone

Green stick Fracture

Partial break of the bone

Comminuted Fracture

Bone breaks in multiple places

Stress Fractures

Tiny crack or severe bruising of a bone. MOI: repetitive overuse (running/jumping). Common locations are the tibia, metatarsals, & femur.

Dislocation

The bone is completely out of the joint

Subluxation

Partial displacement of a bone

Concerns of dislocation & subluxation

Nerve damage + Blood vessel damage

Sprain

Ligament injury

Strain

Muscle/tendon injury

Grade I of a strain/sprain

(Mild) slight stretching/microscopic tearing of a ligament, muscle, or tendon. S/S = mild pain, minimal swelling, little to no loss of movement, function, or stability

Grade II strain/sprain

Moderate/partial tear of muscle fibers or ligament fibers. S/S = significant pain, swelling, bruising, and instability

Grade III sprain/strain

Severe injury involving a complete tear or rupture of a ligament or muscle/tendon. S/S = significant pain, immediate loss of function, swelling, instability (potentially even the joint)

Contusion

Aka bruising, soft tissue injury caused by blunt force. MOI: direct blow. S/S = pain, swelling, discoloration

Myositis Ossificans

Bone forms inside muscle after repeated traumatic injury or improper treatment of a bruise

nerve Injury

Paresthesia & hypoesthesia

Paresthesia

Burning, prickling, or tingling sensation cause by temporary pressure on nerves or restricted blood flow (pins and needles)

Hypoesthesia

A reduced sensation or numbness in a body part

5 signs of inflammation

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Tendonitis

Inflammtion/irritation of a tendon (acute inflammation). Causes pain, tenderness, and limited motion near joints.

tendinosis

Chronic and non-inflammatory degeneration of collagen fibers within a tendon. Caused by repetitive strain/failed healing.

Bursitis

Painful inflammation of small, fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion joints, usually caused by repetitive motion, overuse, or injury.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease caused by the breakdown of protective cartilage, commonly affecting knees, hips, and hands due to age, wear-and-tear, or injury

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

proximal

Closer to body

distal

Farther from body

Shoulder Movements

Flexion/extension, supination (palm up), pronation (palm down)

Wrist Movememnts

Flexion/extension, radial deviation (thumb side), ulnar deviation (pinky side)

Finger movements

Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, thumb opposition (thumb to finger)

Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline of the body or toward another body part in the frontal pane.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Shoulder Injuries

Increased mobility = decreased stability

Bones of the shoulder

Clavicle, scapula, humerus

Labrum

Cartilage rim that deepens the socket and adds stability

Rotator cuff

Group of 4 muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint

Clavicle fracture

MOI: falling on shoulder/outstretched hand. Location: middle third (most common). S/S = pain, deformity, swelling

AC joint sprain

Shoulder separation, MOI: fall onto shoulder. S/S = bump, pain, deformity

Shoulder dislocation

Bones: humerus/glenoid. Direction: anterior. MOI: forced abduction & external rotation. S/S = severe pain, deformity, inability to move

Rotator Cuff injury

MOI: repetitive overhead motion. S/S = weakness, pain, limited ROM

Shoulder Impingement

Tendons get pinched under acromion. S/S = pain w/ overhead movement.

Little league Shoulder

Stress Injury to growth plate in young athletes. Risk factors: overthrowing/poor mechanisms

Bicep Tendonitis

Inflammation or irritation of upper bicep tendon. s/s = front shoulder pain, worsens with lifting.

Prevention of Shoulder Injury

Rest, proper form, strengthening, stretching

Bones of The Elbow

Humerus, radius, ulna

Olecranon Bursitis

Inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursae) at the bony tip of elbow. MOI: repeated pressure/blow. S/S = swelling at the elbows tip.

UCL Sprain

Injury to inner elbow ligament, common in overhead throwing athletes caused by repetitive stress. S/S = popping, instability, medial pain in elbow.

Lateral epicondylitis

Tennis elbow ( overuse of wrist extension), micro-tears in forearm tendons. S/S = pain/burning on outer elbow & weakened grip.

Medial epicondylitis

Golfers elbow (overuse of wrist Flexion), forearm muscle, leads to inflammation and tendon damage on the inside of the elbow.

Ulnar nerve injury

Tingling in ring/pinky fingers, weakened grip

Elbow dislocation

Direction: posterior (most common), MOI: fall on outstretched hand, check for pulse and nerve function after.

Colles fracture

MOI: fall on outstretched hand, Bone: distal radius, common break of distal radius bone in the wrist.

Carpal tunnel

Nerve: median, S/S = numbness, tingling, weakness in hand.

Scaphoid Fracture

MOI: fall on outstretched hand, common wrist break, often mistaken for a sprain, occurs at base of thumb. Complications may include poor healing or low blood supply to area.