Biology Lecture Exam II (Chapters 4-7)

The bonds linking amino acids are

The process whereby monomers are joined together is

The process whereby polymers are broken down is

The Cell Theory was developed by 3 men:

This theory states that all living things are composed of

All cells come from

An organelle with double membrane with pores is the

The protoplasm in the nucleus is

The thread-like material found in the nucleus is the

Where is ribosomal RNA produced?

Robert Hooke

The first person to use the term “cell” to describe the structure of life. He saw dead cells in a thin slice of cork

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First person to see living cells. He was a merchant and thought a microscope would be beneficial to his business

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

“the father of microbiology”

What did Schwann, Schleidan, and Virchow recognize"?

That plants, animals, and other living things had cells. They coined the cell theory

Cell Theory

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things.

True

Cells come only from preexisting cells by cells reproduction

Protoplasm

the living substances

Nucleus

example of protoplasm

True

Anything outside of the nucleus is cytoplasm

What does a Plant cell have?

Cell wall, plasma, protoplasm

Characteristics of Animal cells

lacks a cell wall

Contains a plasma membrane

No chloroplast

Contains Centrioles

Characteristics of Plant Cells

Contains cell wall

Contains chloroplast

lacks centrioles

What is cytosol?

Region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but

inside the plasma membrane

Extracellular matrix

Cells secrete material that forms a meshwork outside of the cell’s membrane

Extracellular matrix in animals

Bone and cartilage are mostly ECM

Plasma Membrane

– Separates the cytoplasm from the cell exterior

– It allows passage of some matter but not others

Membrane Structure of the Plasma Membrane

phospholipid bilayer and amphipathic molecules

contain proteins and carbohydrates

each bilayer is asymmetrical

Fluid-mosaic model

Membrane is considered a mosaic of lipid, protein, and

carbohydrate molecules

True

lipids and proteins can move in a fluid mosaic model

Fluidity of Membranes

semifluid, move laterally, flip flop of from one leaflet to another doesn’t occur spontaneously

Flippase (Enzyme)

requires ATP to transport lipids between leaflets

What are the two types of Movement of matter through and

across the plasma membrane?

Simple Diffusion and Osmosis

Simple Diffusion

the net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration until equilibrium is established (passive process)

Osmosis

The diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane (such as the cell membrane) High to low concentration

(passive process)

What are the three types of osmotic solutions?

Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Hypertonic Solution

greater solute as compared to another solution

Hypertonic Solution

Cell shrivels (water moves out)

Hypotonic Solution

Lesser solute concentration as compared to another solution

Hypotonic Solution

Cells swell then burst (water moves in)

Salt

is a solute

low salt

hypotonic

high salt

hypertonic

Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Bubbles, change in color, heat, light, explosion

Osmosis

Moves from hypotonic to hypertonic

Crenation

The shrinking of cells

Facilitated Diffusion

Requires a carrier protein to move molecules across the membrane along the diffusion gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration

Active Transport

Requires energy to move matter against the diffusion gradient

Active Transport

Moves matter from Low concentration gradient to high concentration gradient

Membrane Assisted Transport (MAT)

The Plasma Membrane opens to allow passage of large bits

Membrane Assisted Transport (MAT)

Carries out Endocytosis, Exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Matter exists the cell

Endocytosis

matter enters the cell

Phagocytosis

Solid matter is engulfed, usually forms vacuoles

Pinocytosis

liquid matter is engulfed, usually forms vesicles

Prokaryotic Cells

lack a nucleus and lack membrane organelles

Prokaryotic Cells are

Found in Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

Contain a nucleus and membrane organelles

Nucleolus

Site of RNA production

ER

Set of folded membrane that create a series of canals

Vesicles

Tiny transport structures for lipids

Lysosome

Stores digestive enzymes, double membraned

True

When Lysosome rupture they release digestive enzymes that will destroy the cell

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic cellular respiration

Peroxisomes

Catalyze detoxifying reactions

• Reactions break down molecules by removing hydrogen or

adding oxygen

Peroxisomes

• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a byproduct

• Catalase breaks down dangerous H2O2 into water and oxygen

Ribosomes

responsible for protein synthesis

Microfilaments and Microtubules

together form cytoskeleton

Cillia and Flagella

are associated with facilitating movement

Inclusions

Irregularly shaped areas for storage of special molecules

Bacteria in Prokaryotes

Abundant

Archea in Prokaryotes

Present in Extreme Environments