IR Chapter 4

South Sudan

World’s newest state of January of 2011. Gained Membership of UN and AU

statehood was a battle against largerly animist and christian African Pop of southern belt and affulent Islamic arab pop that dominated the capital

Sudan struggle wars played out in Two Sudanese wars

1955-1973 to 1983 to 2005

Two civil wasr killed and displaced millions of people and damaged both infrastructure and economy.

Conflicts arose as the south sudanese people didnt have any loyalty to the arab gov and led to the sudanese liberation movement and sudanses peoples liberation army led by john garany

Nation

A large group of people who share a common cultural identity, language, history, ethnicity, or traditions, and who feel a sense of belonging together.

◼ Define themselves as a community distinctive from others (“in-group” vs. “out-group”)

◼ Desire to be politically separate: autonomous self- governance (seeking self-determination)

◼ Intangible institutions

Ethnonational group/ethnonationalism

Ethnonational group/ethnonationalism

The belief that a country's national identity should be based on a shared ethnicity, ancestry, culture, language, or religion rather than on shared citizenship or political values.

Ex: Ethnonationalism can drive stateless groups (such as the Kurds) to seek independence, or fuel devolution and state fragmentation inside multinational states.

Nationalism:

The belief that a nation’s identity, interests, and independence should be prioritized. It emphasizes loyaltyto one’s nation and the right of a people togovern themselves.

Nationalism cont

Links social norms and values

Nation should be the primary political identity of individuals ex american

Nation- States

Nation-states: Commonly known as countries

A country in which the majority of people share a common national identity, and the nation has its own independent government and control over a defined territory.

• Sovereign entities with (1) territory, (2) population, and (3) government

Understanding Nation-Sates is …..

is a powerful force for both the nations seeking to found their own states and those states seeking national unity

Nation states in practice

many states contain multiple nations within their own borders and nations often overlap one or more state boundaries: South Sudan, Afghanistan,

History cont fall of rome

Fall of rome in 476 CE was the catalyst for beginning nations

1054 Great Schism produced two christian churches catholic and orthodox

Historical Evolution of Nations & Nationalism: Nations Emerge

Fall of Rome was a catalyst for the beginning of nations.

The Protestant Reformation in 1517: The Protestant Reformation was a movement to reform the Catholic Church that led to the creation ofProtestant Christianity and major religious and political changesin Europe.

❑ Thirty (1618 – 1648) and Eighty Years’ (1568-1648) wars between Catholic and Protestant

◼ Peace of Westphalia ended these events and sovereignty was formally recognized.

Before Enlightenment

Before enlightenment people were not emotionally attached to political authority in the space they had.

Occurred in the early 1700s and became the emergence of modern nationalism

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment was a movement that promoted reason, freedom, and the idea that governments should serve the people rather than rule through absolute authority.

Colonization

Colonization arose due to the consolidation of nations. Anarchy caused a lot of nations to exploit other countries both people and resources.

Impulses of popular sovereignty led to western nations suppressing liberty and political freedom in non-western states

Ex: Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Latin America

Decolonization

Decolonization era 1950- 1970

Break up of colonial systems by liberation movements following World War II

End of Global Empires

❑ Fall of Spanish, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman Empires

(1700s.1800s,&1900s)

❑ End of World War II, Africa, Asia fight for independence

❑ 1991 Fall of Soviet Union (USSR) end of the Cold War

Self-Determination

the idea that every nation should be able to govern itself as it chooses

Popular Sovereignty

is the principle that the power of government comes from the people.

Concepts of popular sovereignty are rooted in

Social contract from Hobbes, Locke, and Kant

People are citizens not subjects

American and French revolutions

Changes in the political map emergence of nation-states

Nation-states: are more of a myth than reality

the idea of self-determination may not always be a sound goal

“ goodness of fit probelm”

territorial boundaries of nations & states do not always coincide

Lack of “fit” between nations and states is a signficiant source of international and domestic tension and conflict

Goodness of Fit”

Lack of “fit” between nations and states is a significant source of international and domestic tension and conflict.

Totalitarianism

is a political system and form of government that seeks to exert total, unbridled control over both the public and private lives of its citizens.

This results in liberation movements in european colonies called second wasve in 1950s to 1960s in Asia and Africa

Nations- state precedes nations:

States must forge a sense of common and national identity among the people

Divide and rule practices introduced by colonialist to aid their adminstartions of their colonies

When colonies became states most were

Lacking cohesive nation upon achieving indepedence. Can create mismatched identity groups causing social tension and ineffective governance leading to violence such as Rwanda genocide.

unifciation nationalism

the political process of merging separate, culturally or historically related states and regions into a single sovereign nation-state

Nations and Nation-States can co-evolve

Nation buliding and state building can sometimes evolve together. Such as when U.S idea of being American creation of American state began in 1700s and persisted despite civil war, immigration inflows, and ethnic tensions.

What percent of nations have the ideal nation-state

10% of countries approximate the ideal nation-state

States Precede Nations: State is created first

State is created first

Decolonization 1950s-1970s

Competing and conflciting group identities

One State, Multiple Nation

single country contains several different national or ethnic groups, each with its own culture, language, history, or identity.

Francophones and Anglophones in Canada, Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda

One Nation, Multiple State:

Koreans in North and South Korea, Albanians in Albania & Kosovo;

One Nation, No State (Stateless Nation)

Kurds, Palestinians

Multiple nations, multiple states

Afghanistan, Russia

What revolutions helped the adavances of popular sovereginty and concepts of nationhood

American and French revolutions

Monarchism has dissaperared by 1868-1849 in Europe

Positive Nationalism

Promotes democracy (self-determination, popular sovereignty) but can be manipulated by demagogues.

◼ Encourages self-determination

◼ Discourages imperialism: Serves as a powerful deterrent to outside rule but can encourage expansionist tendencies.

◼ Promotes economic development

◼ Protects diversity and experimentation: This seems true when considering interactions between nation-states, but it can also suppress diversity within a state

Colonies

East Timor last to gain indepedence in 1975 from portugese

Indonesia had annexed East Timor. They had help from U.S for indepedence. Led to voting in 1999 for release. Indonesia responded by killing thousands of east timor peoiple and the UN had to intervene.

Negative Nationalism

Parochialism

Intensity and magnitude of ethnonational conflicts

remain high

◼ Leads to a lack of concern for others, reluctance to

help, internal oppression, and external aggression

◼ Exclusionism

◼ Exceptionalism; xenophobia; and feeling superior to or

even hating others

◼ Nativism

The decline in vast multiethnic empires led to…

the emergence and spread of nationalism

Parochialism:

Limit sense of responsibility or concern for the other

Imperialism

Belief that its acceptable to conquer or otherwaise incorporate other nations out of a percieved superiority

Exclusionism

a political or social practice and ideology that focuses on keeping specific people or groups out of a community, group, or right

Nativism

a political and social ideology that strictly favors the interests of established, native-born inhabitants over the interests of new immigrants

Self-Determination Positives

Positive Aspects:

❑ Can help end ethnic oppression
Problems and Concerns:

Negatives for self determination

❑ Untangling groups

❑ Dissolution of existing states

❑ Microstates:

◼ "Negative sovereignty" invites intervention by more powerful

◼ Is there a right to secede? Applying self-determination principles is difficult in a complex world

❑ Internal instability

states wouldn’t be able to perform basic obligation providing security for citizens and allocate public goods undermining their reason for existing

Demise of Nationalism

WW2 led many people to change their views of nationalism

Experiences of destructive power of nationalism (Fascism)

◼ Development of nuclear weapons

◼ Establishment of the United Nations in 1945

◼ Emphasis on free trade and economic interdependence

The Persistence of Nationalism

1990: Germany remerged from West Germany and East Germany

◼ Czechoslovakia split to 2 states/countries

◼ 1990s Yugoslavia dissolved into 6 states/countries

◼ Soviet Union (USSR) dissolved in 15 states/countries

◼ Resurgence of Nationalism

❑ Brexit

❑ U.S. President Donald Trump’s 2016 electoral victory

❑ Consolidation of power in Russia, Hungary, etc.

Nationalism and Future

Continued Strength of nationalism: between 1940 and 2003, the number of states increase 272%

Weberian monopoly

the state is the only entity within a territory with the recognized, legal right to use physical force to enforce laws and maintain order. If a government loses this exclusive control to groups like cartels or rebel militias, it risks becoming a failed state.

The Prerequisites for State

A territorially defined political unit that exercises ultimate internal authority over its citizen (territory & population)

◼ Does not recognize any legitimate external authority over itself

◼ Sovereignty

◼ Diplomatic recognition

◼ Internal organization

◼ Domestic support

Territory

States generally have a geographic area and physical

boundaries, but there are exceptions

◼ State boundaries can expand, contract, or shift dramatically

◼ Israeli-Palestinian conflict

◼ Limited Pakistani territorial authority over northwestern

Pakistan near Afghanistan, a Pashtun-controlled region serving as a hide-out and base for Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda.

Sovereignty

Most important characteristic of a state

◼ Implies legal equality among states, but legal equality does not

mean real equality in the international arena (compare San Marino and China)

◼ In theory, synonymous with independence

◼ In practice, power is relative and sovereignty is not always absolute

◼ Concept is continually being challenged (for example, trials of Slobodan Milosevic of Yugoslavia)

Dipolmatic recognition

is the formal acknowledgment by one country that another entity is a legitimate, sovereign state. It serves as the legal gateway to open embassies, sign treaties, and join international bodies like the UN.

Domestic support postitive form

A states population is loyal and willing to accept the state authority to govern

Domestic support negative form

Population grudgingly accpts the reality of a government power to govern. Most states give in to the authority/ general concession of the population

Embryonic States:

Possess characteristic of a states, but don’t have “full-fledges” status. Taiwan

Failed and Weak States

Created by collapse/ending of empires and internal conflict

Fragile States

Lost major characteristics of a state

❑ Not yet “failed” but it is on its way

Failed States

Lost major characteristics of a state

❑ Legally sovereign but lacking internal support

Authoritarian Government

Rule by an individual or group from the top

◼ Allows little or no participation in decision-making by individuals or groups

Democratic Government

• Rule by citizens who possess political rights & civil liberties

• Allows much broader and more meaningful participation

Authoritarian populism

• Rejection of globalization

• Resistance to immigrants/refugees

• Distrust and suspicion of institutions

Purposes of the State

A desire by individuals for better conditions explains why governments form (influences of Social Contract Theory and the

State of Nature)

Social Contract Theory:

People join together in societies surrendering some sovereign powers for individual betterment

Immanuel Kant:

Social contract to preserve freedom

Thomas Hobbes:

People join together out of fear and create governments for protection

John Locke:

People join together because cooperation improves the lives of all

Failed States

Weak states in the contemporary global system is fundamentally rooted in the evolution of the nation-state after ww2

Political Communities

As defined by the political scientist Karl W. Deutsch(1957), social groups with a process of political communication, some machinery for establishing and enforcing collective agreements, and some popular habits of compliance with those agreements.

state-building

is the process of developing a central government's institutional capacity to effectively control its territory, enforce laws, and collect taxes, whether driven by internal evolution or external intervention.

State of nature

A theoretical time in human history when people lived independently or in family groups and there were no societies of nonrelated individuals or governments.

Xeneophobia

Fear of foreigners or out groups