Learn: Geography Map Types, Projections, and Scale Analysis, Population Dynamics and Demographic Measures in Human Geography

Population dynamics

refers to the growth and change of the human population on Earth

natural increase

how a country's population has risen or fallen in a year; the difference between total births and total deaths in that country in that year

the-end-of-the-period population

add the total number of births and in-migrants during a period (usually a year) to the beginning-of-the-period population, and subtract the total numbers of deaths and out-migrants during the same period

demographic equation

The method for calculating total population of a country or place based on natural increase and migration over a period of time (usually a year)

Homo sapiens

the human species that inhabits the planet today

crude birth rate (CBR)

average number of births per year per 1000 people; we divide the total number of live births in a country in a particular year by its total mid-year population. We then multiply by 1000

low birth rate

A crude birth rate between 10 and 20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate

A crude birth rate between 20 and 30 births per 1000 people

high birth rate

A crude birth rate of more than 30 per 1000 people

total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age

replacement level fertility

The average number of children needed to replace both parents and stabilize population over time, TFR 2.1

Gender roles

Culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

EX: (# of deaths ÷ Mid-year pop.) × 1000 = deaths per 1000 people

infant mortality rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births

child mortality

Deaths of children under five years of age

rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population;

(CBR - CDR) ÷ 10 = Rate of Natural Increase

zero population growth (ZPG)

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, its rate of natural increase (RNI) is zero

doubling time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size

rule of 70

A tool for calculating the doubling time of a population by dividing 70 by a country's rate of natural increase (RNI)

women's empowerment

The increased autonomy of women to make choices and shape their lives

Women's status

The degree of equality between men and women with respect to access to and control over both physical and social resources in the family, community, or society at large

aging population

A population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases

Pro-Natalist Policies

policies that promote human reproduction, or child bearing

antinatalist policies

seek to reduce birth rates and strongly encourage or require that women limit their fertility

Distance Decay

Spatial mobility

All forms of geographical movement, including people's everyday commuting and travels

social mobility

Mobility that implies a change in social hierarchy

migration

The long-term or permanent relocation of individuals, families, or entire communities from one place to another

migrant

A person who migrates or moves

origin

A person's location before migration

destination

The place where a migrant is going

out-migration

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin

in-migration

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country

out-migrant

A person who leaves their country of origin

in-migrant

A person who arrives at their destination country

immigration

The act of a migrant arriving at their destination country

emigration

The act of a migrant leaving their place (country) of origin

migration stream

The flow of all migrants from an origin to a destination

counterstream

The flow of all migrants in the direction opposite a particular migration stream, from its destination back to the origin

net migration

the net total of migrants during a specific period—meaning the total number of people entering a country or region (immigrants) minus the total number of people leaving it

net migration rate (NMR)

A gauge of the impact of migration on population change, determined by dividing a country's net migration by its total population, then multiplying by 1000

migration age profile

The relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across different countries

Migration motive

Economic factors are the major cause of migration.

Migration direction

The major direction of migration is from agricultural areas to centers of industry and commerce.

Migration volume over time

Migration volume over time

Migration and urban growth.

Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.

Migrant characteristics

Most migrants are adults, and families seldom move out of their country of birth.

Gender difference.

omen are more migratory than men within the country of their birth, but men more frequently venture beyond their country of birth.

Urban-rural difference.

Urban dwellers are less migratory than rural people.

Stream and counterstream.

Each main stream of migration produces a compensating counterstream.

Long-distance migration

Long-distance migrants generally move to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.

Migration by stages

Migration proceeds geographically in a step-by-step fashion. Residents near a growing town may move to it. The gaps they leave behind are filled up by migrants from more remote locations. This goes on until the most remote corners of a country are reached.

Migration and distance

Most migrants move only a short distance.

brain drain

A phenomenon where a country or a place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

brain gain

A phenomenon where a country or a place gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

push-pull theory of migration

Theory asserting that two contrasting sets of factors are at work in migration decisions

Push factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present locales and want to move somewhere else

Pull factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants

intervening obstacles

A complication that potential migrants will need to overcome to reach their destination

social networks

People's friends and relatives

intervening opportunity,

A nearby attractive locale where migrants may decide to settle instead of going to the intended destination farther away

Environmental Determinism

the discarded or heavily critiqued theory that the physical environment—such as climate, terrain, and geography—directly and exclusively determines human culture, behavior, and societal development

Possibilism

Environmental possibilism is the geographic theory that while the physical environment sets certain constraints or limitations, human culture and behaviors are ultimately determined by social conditions, technology, and human agency

Eurasia

A massive piece of land on Earth that consists of Europe, with just under 10 percent of the human population, and Asia, which accounts for almost 60 percent of humanity

ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement

population clusters

Heavily populated areas that illustrate the unevenness in global population distribution; geographers have identified four population clusters on Earth: South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe

metacities

A city with more than 20 million residents

megacities

A city with more than 10 million residents

developed (or industrialized) country,

A country with an advanced economy and a high standard of living

developing (or industrializing) countries

A country that is of relatively low income or economically poorer than developed countries

Snow Belt

States located in the northern and midwestern parts of the country

Sunbelt

States in coastal areas and the South and Southwest

mean center of population

The balancing point given the distribution of population

population density

The average number of people per unit of land area

arithmetic (crude) density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer)

physiological density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land

arable land

Land suitable for cultivation

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whole can support on a sustainable basis

human well-being

The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy

population composition

The makeup of the population by age and sex as well as by ethnic, racial, income, and educational background

age structure

Refers to the breakdown of a population into different age groups or cohorts

dependency ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64 years) must support

elderly dependency ratio

The number of elderly dependents in a population (usually people older than 64 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

youth dependency ratio

The number of young dependents in a population (usually people younger than 15 years of age) that every 100 working-age people must support

High child dependency

hese countries have a high youth dependency ratio (higher than 45 percent) but a low elderly dependency ratio (lower than 15 percent).

Moderate child dependency:

These countries have a moderate youth dependency ratio (29-45 percent) and a low elderly dependency ratio (lower than 15 percent)

Double dependency:

These countries have a moderate youth dependency ratio (29-45 percent) but a high elderly dependency ratio (15 percent or higher).

High elderly dependency:

These countries have an aging population. Their youth dependency ratio is lower than 29 percent, but their elderly dependency ratio is high (15 percent or higher).

Low overall dependency

both their youth and elderly dependency ratios are low (lower than 29 percent and 15 percent, respectively).

Generations

are groups of people who were born around the same time and possess some common traits due to the cultural and societal influences they shared as they grew up.

Generation X

People born between 1965 and 1980 and who are now in their prime working years

Generation Y

People who were born between 1981 and 2000; often referred to as millennials

Generation Z

People born after the turn of the twenty-first century

sex ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population

androcentrism

A phenomenon in which a culture demonstrates a marked preference for males

infanticide

The practice of killing infants

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

rapidly growing population pyrimid

has a wide base, resembling the classic stepped pyramid shape. Rapid population growth usually occurs in developing countries where birth rates are relatively high and there is a large number of young people in the population

population growth slows down pyrimid(the birth rate is just over death rate)

its population pyramid will have a somewhat narrow base, but it may still be slightly pyramid shaped or cylindrical.