Type of Neurotransmitter

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

• Type: Both (Excitatory & Inhibitory)

  • Functions: Voluntary movement, muscle contraction, learning, memory, sleep.

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Excess may be linked to depression;

Deficit linked to Dementia & Alzheimer's disease.

 Dopamine

• Type: Both Excitory and Inhibitory neurotransmitter.

  • Functions: Movement, attention & alertness, rewards (related to addictions).

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Excess linked to Schizophrenia;

Deficit linked to Parkinson's disease (tremors and muscular rigidity)

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

  • Type: Inhibitory

  • Functions: Inhibits excitation and anxiety (calming).

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Excess linked to seizures, insomnia;

Deficit linked to anxiety disorders.

 Endorphins

 • Type: Inhibitory

  • Functions: Pain relief and feelings of pleasure, stress reduction, "natural opiates".

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Deficit may be involved in addiction.

Serotonin

  • Type: Both excitoary and inhibitory

  • Functions: Mood regulation, hunger/appetite, sleep.

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Deficit linked to depression and some anxiety disorders (especially OCD).

Epinephrine / Norepinephrine (Adrenaline / Noradrenaline)

  • Type: More Excitatory

  • Functions: "Fight or flight" response (increased heart rate, circulation, respiration), alertness/arousal. Slows down appetite and digestion during fight or flight.

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Excess linked to high blood pressure and schizophrenia (too much norepinephrine); Deficit linked to depression.

Glutamate

  • Type: Excitatory

  • Functions: Memory, learning.

  • Effects of Excess/Deficit: Excess linked to Alzheimer's, maybe addiction/schizophrenia

Oxytocin

  • Type: Neither

  • Functions: Bonding, love, social connection. regulates childbirth, lactation, social bonding, and reproductive functions

Substance P

  • Type: Excitatory

  • Functions: Pain signaling.