Year 10 Health and Physical Education: Core Units and Concepts

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Year 10 Health and Physical Education units: Respectful Relationships, Indigenous Health, Mental Health, and Nutrition.

WHO definition of health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Dynamic nature of health

The characteristic of health whereby an individual's state is in constant flux, changing quickly or slowly over time.

Subjective nature of health

The concept that health is viewed and experienced differently by individuals based on personal expectations, life stages, culture, and past experiences.

Physical health and wellbeing

The dimension of health relating to the functioning of the body and its physiological systems.

Key indicators of physical health and wellbeing

Well-functioning body systems, adequate energy levels, healthy body weight, absence of illness, and appropriate fitness levels.

Social health and wellbeing

The dimension of health relating to the ability to form meaningful relationships and adapt constructively to different social situations.

Key indicators of social health and wellbeing

Effective communication skills, productive interpersonal relationships, a supportive friend network, and a well-functioning family.

Mental health and wellbeing (VCAA definition)

The state of a person's mind or brain relating to the capacity to think and process information, apply logic, and maintain optimal self-esteem.

Key indicators of mental health and wellbeing

Low levels of stress and anxiety, positive thought patterns, confidence, healthy self-esteem, and sound reasoning skills.

Emotional health and wellbeing

The dimension of health relating to the ability to recognize, understand, and positively manage and express feelings and reactions.

Key indicators of emotional health and wellbeing

High resilience, emotional self-awareness, displaying context-appropriate emotions, and effective regulation of emotional responses.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

The dimension of health relating to ideas, beliefs, values, and ethics arising within the human mind and conscience.

Key indicators of spiritual health and wellbeing

A guiding sense of purpose in life, peace and hope, a feeling of belonging, and living in accordance with personal values.

Distinction between mental health and mental illness

Mental health is an everyday state of cognitive well-being that fluctuates constantly; mental illness refers to clinically diagnosable conditions.

Western medical perspective on mental health

A framework that interprets mental health through biological mechanisms, brain chemistry, formal clinical diagnoses, and pharmacological care.

Spiritual and traditional perspective on mental health

A framework that views mental health as harmony between spirit, energy, community, and connection to land and culture.

Impact of cultural stigma on mental health help-seeking

Fear of community judgment or bringing shame on family can cause individuals to conceal distress and delay vital healthcare.

Unconscious bias

Automatic, ingrained assumptions or stereotypes held subconsciously that influence thoughts and actions without conscious awareness.

Three primary sources of unconscious bias

Cultural stereotypes, biased media portrayals, and physical or social environments lacking diverse representation.

Gender bias in mental health perception

Stereotypes causing men's distress to be ignored due to expectations of stoicism, or women's distress to be dismissed as hormonal.

Linguistic repertoire

The complete spectrum of languages, dialects, styles, and communication codes available to an individual.

Linguistic code

A distinct communication variety defined by specific language features such as jargon, slang, tone, or grammatical structures.

Code-switching

The practice of alternating between different linguistic codes or registers depending on the social environment or audience.

Register (linguistic)

The degree of formality used in speech, ranging from formal language with technical terms to informal language with slang.

Sociolect

A linguistic variety or dialect specific to a particular social group, such as teen slang or professional jargon.

Ethnolect

A linguistic variety distinctive to a specific ethnic or cultural group, such as Aboriginal English or Lebanese English.

Interpersonal benefits of code-switching

Facilitates clearer communication, increases empathy and connection, and establishes in-group belonging in different settings.

Mental health consequences of excessive code-switching

Constant suppression of one's natural cultural expression can lead to cognitive exhaustion, identity conflict, and feelings of alienation.

Compassionate curiosity

An empathetic communication framework focused on understanding another person's feelings and perspective with non-judgmental interest during conflict.

Four core elements of compassionate curiosity

Empathy, open-mindedness, active listening, and asking genuine, non-confrontational questions.

Compassionate curiosity: Step 1

Acknowledge and validate emotions by verbally recognizing the other person's feelings to reduce defenses.

Compassionate curiosity: Step 2

Get curious with compassion by asking open-ended, non-judgmental questions to discover underlying needs.

Compassionate curiosity: Step 3

Engage in joint problem-solving by collaborating as partners to create solutions meeting both parties' needs.

Debriefing (purpose)

A structured conversation held after a critical incident to review facts, process emotional responses, and reduce post-incident stress.

Debriefing: Step 1 (Facts)

Establish an objective timeline clarifying what happened, where it occurred, and who was involved.

Debriefing: Step 2 (Reflections)

Explore how participants felt during the incident and evaluate contributing factors.

Debriefing: Step 3 (Agreed Actions)

Formulate practical, concrete steps and assign responsibilities to prevent recurrence or improve future responses.

Debriefing: Step 4 (Feedback Loop)

Follow up on assigned actions, assess well-being, and review outcomes while protecting confidentiality.

Situations requiring a debrief conversation

Workplace accidents, critical emergencies, traumatic incidents, major athletic competitions, or significant interpersonal disputes.

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed by the human body in large quantities to sustain growth, repair tissues, and supply energy.

Carbohydrates (energy yield and function)

The body's preferred primary energy source yielding $16\,\text{kJ/g}$, needed for daily activity and waste elimination via fibre.

Simple vs. complex carbohydrates

Simple carbohydrates are rapid-digesting sugars (fruit, milk, sweets); complex carbohydrates are slow-digesting starches (whole grains, oats, legumes).

Insoluble fibre

An indigestible plant carbohydrate that absorbs water to bulk and soften stool, preventing constipation.

Soluble fibre

A plant carbohydrate that forms a digestive gel, slowing glucose absorption and binding with low-density cholesterol for excretion.

Protein (energy yield and function)

Yields $17\,\text{kJ/g}$ of energy and is essential for muscle repair, growth, and synthesizing hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.

Essential vs. non-essential amino acids

Essential amino acids must be obtained from dietary sources; non-essential amino acids can be manufactured by the body.

Complete vs. incomplete proteins

Complete proteins provide all essential amino acids (meat, fish, eggs, soy); incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids (legumes, nuts, grains).

Dietary fats (energy yield and function)

Concentrated energy source yielding $37\,\text{kJ/g}$, essential for building cell membranes and absorbing fat-soluble vitamins.

Saturated and trans fats

Unhealthy fats from fatty meats, commercial baked goods, and palm oil that increase LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular disease risk.

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats

Healthier fats from olive oil, avocados, nuts, and oily fish (omega-3 and omega-6) that protect cardiovascular health.

Water (functions and daily intake)

Constitutes $50\text{--}75\%$ of body mass, serves as a reaction medium, aids thermoregulation, and provides hydration without kilojoules.

Micronutrients

Essential dietary vitamins and minerals required by the body in small daily amounts for metabolic regulation and cellular health.

Calcium (function and food sources)

Builds hard tissues (bones and teeth) and enables muscle contraction; sourced from dairy foods, fortified plant milks, and sardines.

Vitamin D (function and sources)

Enables intestinal absorption of calcium into the bloodstream; synthesized through sunlight exposure and sourced from oily fish and fortified foods.

Iron (function and food sources)

Forms the haem component of haemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood cells; sourced from red meat, eggs, legumes, and spinach.

Vitamin C (function and food sources)

Synthesizes collagen for tissue structure and boosts dietary iron absorption; found in citrus fruits, strawberries, and broccoli.

Vitamins $B_1, B_2$, and $B_3$ (function and sources)

Enable cellular respiration and release energy from carbohydrates; sourced from wholegrains, Vegemite, eggs, and lean meats.

Vitamin $B_{12}$ (function and sources)

Required for red blood cell formation, nervous system maintenance, and DNA synthesis; found naturally only in animal products.

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)

The government statutory agency that sets food standards and mandatory labeling requirements across Australia and New Zealand.

Mandatory components on Australian food labels

Nutrition Information Panel, ingredients list in descending order by weight, date mark, country of origin, and allergen alerts.

Nutrition Information Panel (NIP)

A mandatory packaged food panel displaying energy ($\text{kJ}$), protein, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sugars, and sodium.

Standard serve vs. serving size

A standard serve is a fixed nutritional amount defined by national guidelines; a serving size is an arbitrary amount determined by the manufacturer.

Portion size

The actual physical amount of a food or drink an individual selects and consumes at a single meal or snack.

Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)

The average daily dietary intake calculated to meet the nutritional requirements of nearly all healthy individuals in a life-stage group.

Risk nutrients vs. protective nutrients

Risk nutrients contribute to disease when consumed in excess (sodium, saturated fat, sugar); protective nutrients safeguard health (fibre, iron, calcium).

Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG)

Five evidence-based guidelines developed by the Australian Government advising health professionals on dietary patterns that prevent chronic illness.

Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE)

A visual plate model showing the recommended daily proportion of foods to eat from each of the five food groups.

Healthy Eating Pyramid (HEP)

A visual triangular guide designed by Nutrition Australia placing plant foods at the base, followed by dairy/protein, and healthy fats at the top.

Health Star Rating (HSR) system

A front-of-pack labeling system rating foods from $0.5$ to 5 stars by comparing energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium against similar foods.

Cardiovascular disease (dietary causes)

High intake of saturated and trans fats builds arterial plaque, while excess sodium causes fluid retention and hypertension.

Type 2 diabetes (dietary causes)

Long-term overconsumption of simple sugars and total kilojoules causes excess adipose storage, leading to insulin resistance.

Colorectal cancer (dietary causes)

Inadequate dietary fibre slows digestive transit, exposing the intestinal wall to concentrated waste products and carcinogens.

Socioeconomic and geographic barriers to healthy eating

Low income forces reliance on cheap, energy-dense foods, while geographic remoteness increases fresh food prices and creates food deserts.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating

A visual food guide reflecting the five food groups using culturally familiar items like kangaroo, turtle, bush berries, and wild greens.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander holistic health

A perspective viewing health as the collective social, emotional, and cultural wellbeing of the whole community, intrinsically tied to Country.

Cultural importance of bush medicine

Traditional remedies from native flora and fauna that treat physical ailments, reinforce Elder knowledge, and restore spiritual balance with Country.

Health status

An overall evaluation of the health of an individual or population based on measurable indicators like morbidity and mortality.

Life expectancy

The average number of years of life remaining to an individual at a specific age if mortality rates do not change.

Mortality

The total number or rate of deaths occurring in a designated population over a specific period.

Morbidity

The rate or level of illness, sickness, disease, or injury experienced across a population.

Incidence vs. prevalence

Incidence is the rate of newly diagnosed disease cases over time; prevalence is the total number of existing cases at a single point in time.

Indigenous health disparity in Australia

A life expectancy gap of $8\text{--}10\text{ years}$, higher infant mortality, and disproportionately higher chronic disease rates compared to other Australians.

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

A preventable condition where untreated Group A Strep bacterial throat or skin infections cause Acute Rheumatic Fever and heart valve damage.

Environmental drivers of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Overcrowded housing and poor water or laundry infrastructure that allow Group A Streptococcus bacteria to spread rapidly.

Intergenerational trauma

Historical trauma from events like the Stolen Generations passed down through successive generations, continuing to undermine health outcomes.

Sociocultural vs. environmental health factors

Sociocultural factors involve cultural safety, racism, and income; environmental factors involve housing density, tap water quality, and geographic isolation.

Key characteristics of respectful relationships

Mutual trust, balanced power, shared decision-making, emotional safety, respectful boundary-setting, and active communication.

Respectful relationships: Looks like, sounds like, feels like

Looks like equal participation; sounds like active listening and calm tones; feels like safety, acceptance, and freedom from criticism.

Affirmative consent

An explicit, active, and ongoing voluntary agreement to participate in sexual activity that can never be assumed or coerced.

The F.R.I.E.S. model of consent

Freely given (no pressure), Reversible (can stop anytime), Informed (know what is happening), Enthusiastic (active want), and Specific (per act).

Evaluating consent via film language

Examining verbal dialogue alongside non-verbal cues such as framing, body language, facial distress, and music tone in media.

Five types of intimacy

Emotional (sharing secrets), Intellectual (exchanging ideas), Spiritual (shared awe/values), Social (shared network), and Physical (affection/touch).

Sexual activity vs. sexual intimacy

Sexual activity focuses on mechanical physical actions for pleasure; sexual intimacy pairs sexual behavior with deep emotional trust and vulnerability.

Core requirements for safe sex

Active affirmative consent, strong mutual trust, explicit boundaries, transparent communication, and STI/pregnancy protection.

Hormonal contraception (mechanism and STI protection)

Releases synthetic hormones to stop ovulation and thicken cervical mucus (Pill, Implanon, IUD); provides zero protection against STIs.

Barrier contraception (mechanism and STI protection)

Physical devices (external and internal condoms) that physically block sperm from entering the uterus; external and internal condoms protect against STIs.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted through sexual fluids or skin contact that are often completely asymptomatic but detectable via urine or blood tests.

Grooming

A predatory pattern of manipulative behavior used to build trust with a young person and their family to facilitate sexual abuse and maintain secrecy.

Five stages of the grooming process

Targeting vulnerable youth, building trust with gifts/attention, isolating from friends/family, gradual sexualization, and enforcing control.

Recognizable signs of grooming in youth

Developing an unusually close bond with an older adult, unexplained money or gifts, device secrecy, and withdrawal from peers.