MCQ notes

Aphasia

Impairment in language ability

Delirium tremens

Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

Door-in-the-face

Technique involving making a large request followed by a smaller one

Conversion disorder

Condition where psychological stress manifests as physical symptoms

Halo effect

Bias where one positive trait influences perception of other traits

Groupthink

Emphasizing harmony over critical thinking in a close-knit group

Attribution error

Overemphasizing personal characteristics and neglecting environmental factors

Systematic desensitization

Gradual exposure therapy for phobias

Ceiling effect

When independent variable has maxed out the dependent variable

Attribution theory

Explaining others' behavior

Hawthorne effect

Improved performance when being observed

Quasi experiment

Study lacking random assignment

Insecure ambivalent

Inconsistent caregiver attention

Malingering

Exaggerating symptoms for attention

Efferent neurons

Motor neurons

Top-down processing

Using prior knowledge to interpret stimuli

Bottom-up processing

Processing stimuli to form knowledge

Availability heuristic

Overestimating likelihood based on easily recalled information

Dissociative amnesia

Inability to recall important information

General intelligence

Spearman's concept of overall cognitive ability

Reciprocal determinism

Behavior influenced by social, psychological, and biological factors

Factor analysis

Simplifying data by identifying common elements

Social trap

Pursuing short-term gains leading to long-term negative outcomes

Inhibition

Negative impact on performance in the presence of others

Central route

Persuasion based on facts

Peripheral routes

Persuasion based on emotions

Chaining

Step-by-step process in a specific order

Shaping

Step-by-step reinforcement for desired behavior

Interpersonal

Interaction with others

Intrapersonal

Self-awareness and emotional regulation

Barnum effect

Tendency to accept vague personality descriptions as accurate

Latent learning

Learning without immediate reinforcement

Social impairment

Difficulty in social interactions

Compliance

Changing behavior without questioning requests

Agoraphobia

Fear of tight spaces

Incentive theory

Motivation driven by rewards

Proactive inference

Past information interfering with current memory

Retroactive inference

Current information affecting past memories

Cognitive map

Mental representation of spatial layout

Epilepsy

Disorder sometimes treated with corpus callosotomy

Savant syndrome

Exceptional abilities in individuals with disabilities

Executive function

Ability to plan and organize tasks

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's ability to succeed

Analytical personality

Focus on underlying aspects of behavior

Dependent personality disorder

Excessive reliance on others for decision-making

Similarity

Grouping objects based on similarities

Proximity

Grouping objects that are close to each other

Closure

Mentally filling in gaps in incomplete shapes

Visual occlusion

Ignoring parts of a visual stimulus

Dorothea Dix

Advocate for mental health reform

Ivan Pavlov

Known for classical conditioning

B.F

Associated with operant conditioning

John Watson

Early behaviorist focused on studying behavior directly

Muller-Lyer

Illusion based on visual experience

Howard Gardner

Theory of multiple intelligences

Edward Tolman

Studied cognitive maps and latent learning

Vygotsky

Known for scaffolding in learning

Intellectualize

Defense mechanism of making emotional issues seem logical

Reaction formation

Behaving in contrast to underlying feelings

Projection

Attributing one's undesirable traits to others

IQ

Measure of intelligence with 130 as a significant threshold

Short-term memory

Retention of information for about 30 seconds

Regression

Reverting to earlier developmental stages under stress

Fight-or-flight

Response that reduces digestion during stress

Depth perception

Ability to perceive distance and spatial relationships

Monocular depth cues

Visual cues for depth perception

Synapse

Junction between neurons for communication

Limbic system

Brain region involved in emotions

Phobia therapy

Behavioral treatment for phobias

Hypnosis

Lack of empirical support for treating psychiatric disorders

Animal studies

Ventromedial hypothalamus damage leads to weight gain

Sleep

Involves different waves like beta, alpha, and delta

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Focuses on challenging irrational beliefs