DH220 Exam #3 Study Guide

means increased or excessive

hyper

means decreased or deficient.

hypo

Integrated glands and cells that secrete hormones.

endocrine system

Elevated calcium in the blood.

hypercalcemia

High blood glucose

hyperglycemia

low blood glucose

hypoglycemia

Without blood vessels.

avascular

Of unknown cause.

idiopathic

Grating or crackling sound or sensation in a joint.

crepitus

Altered or distorted taste.

dysgeusia

Medication that reduces anxiety.

anxiolytic

Examination of a joint with an endoscope.

arthroscopy

 means abnormal new growth forming a neoplasm

neoplasia

 means relating to a neoplasm

neoplastic

Involving multiple bones

polyostotic

Involving one bone

monostotic

Occurring earlier than expected, as in precocious puberty.

precocious

Excess anterior pituitary hormone production; growth changes reflect excess growth hormone.

Hyperpituitarism

Gigantism or acromegaly depending on timing.

Hyperpituitarism

Excess thyroid hormone.

Hyperthyroidism

Graves disease; exophthalmos - eye protrusion may occur with Graves disease

Hyperthyroidism

Insufficient thyroid hormone.

Hypothyroidism

Myxedema in severe adult disease; delayed development in affected children.

Hypothyroidism

Increased blood calcium, often decreased phosphorus, and altered bone metabolism

Hyperparathyroidism

Excess parathyroid hormone.

Hyperparathyroidism

Primary adrenal insufficiency.

Addison disease

Bronzing of skin and oral melanotic macules.

Addison disease

Prolonged excess glucocorticoid exposure.

Cushing syndrome

Hypercortisolism; may result from glucocorticoid medication or endogenous excess.

Cushing syndrome

growth hormone excess BEFORE epiphyseal plates close; excessive long bone growth increases height.

gigantism

growth hormone excess AFTER epiphyseal plates close; enlargement of facial structures and extremities rather than increased adult height.

acromegaly

Oral clues of growth hormone excess include __________

The exam also lists enlargement of the maxillary sinus.

all of the above

means protrusion of the eyes

exophthalmos

associated with hyperthyroidism

exophthalmos - associated with ____________ rather than all causes of hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

associated with thyroid hyposecretion

cretinism

congenital hypothyroidism is the preferred term when present from birth

myxedema

childhood hypothyroidism

cretinism

myxedema

preferred term when present from birth

congenital hypothyroidism

Premature tooth eruption and early exfoliation fit ___________ better than the typical acromegaly pattern.

_________ may delay eruption

hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism

DH must record what?

all of the above

DH must recognize changes in what?

all of the above

Findings support further evaluation; they do not establish a diagnosis by themselves. T or F

true

 reduced adrenal function with pigmentation

Addison disease

excess glucocorticoids

Cushing syndrome

calcium and bone changes

Hyperparathyroidism

excess thyroid hormone

Hyperthyroidism

A metabolic disorder characterized by persistent high blood glucose resulting from problems with insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Diabetes mellitus

Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that helps regulate blood glucose.

Insulin

excessive thirst

polydipsia

excess urination

polyuria

excessive hunger

polyphagia

primary mechanism: Usually autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

Type 1

insulin production: little or none

Type 1

Onset: Often rapid, but may be slower in adults.

Type 1

insulin treatment: required

Type 1

possible symptoms: Thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, and weight loss.

Type 1

possible symptoms: Similar symptoms, or few noticeable symptoms initially. Thirst, urination, hunger, fatigue, and weight loss.

Type 2

primary mechanism: Insulin resistance with progressive impairment of insulin secretion.

Type 2

insulin production: May initially be present but insufficient for the body’s needs.

Type 2

onset: Often gradual; occurs in adults and children.

Type 2

insulin treatment: May be needed; treatment varies.

Type 2

Poor glycemic control increases susceptibility to periodontal disease and may impair healing. T or F

true

Diabetes and periodontal inflammation do not influence each other T or F

false

Possible oral findings of diabetes include gingival inflammation, ___________, and increased infection risk.

xerostomia

DH should ask about a diabetic patient about what indications and coordinate care with the treating team when necessary.

all of the above

Insulin and some diabetes medications can cause ____________, especially if meals are skipped.

Follow the clinical emergency protocol if symptoms occur during care.

hypoglycemia

insulin is the sugar elevated in diabetes; glucose is the regulating hormone. T or F

false

Polydipsia concerns thirst, polyuria concerns urination, and polyphagia concerns hunger. T or F

true

Reduced oxygen carrying capacity, commonly related to low hemoglobin and/or reduced circulating red blood cells.

anemia

Iron deficiency is a common nutritional cause. Plummer–Vinson syndrome links iron deficiency anemia with dysphagia and esophageal webs.

iron deficiency anemia

Intrinsic factor deficiency impairs vitamin B12 absorption.

Pernicious anemia

Abnormal hemoglobin promotes sickling under low oxygen conditions.

sickle cell anemia

Bone marrow failure may reduce red cells, white cells, and platelets together.

aplastic anemia

Immune mediated disease triggered by gluten; nutrient malabsorption can cause anemia. It is not itself a primary red cell disorder.

celiac disease

Primary: increased RBC production, as in polycythemia vera.

Secondary: response to increased stimulation.

Relative: reduced plasma volume.

polycythemia

Polycythemia

secondary: increased production, as in polycythemia vera.

primary: response to increased stimulation.

T or F

false

Severe reduction of granulocytes, especially neutrophils; increases infection risk. The exam distinguishes primary and secondary forms.

agranulocytosis

Recurring episodes of reduced neutrophils; may be associated with oral ulceration and periodontal problems.

cyclic neutropenia

Malignancy of blood forming tissues; abnormal cells can interfere with normal blood cell production.

leukemia

Reduced platelet count; increases bleeding risk.

thrombocytopenia

Deficiency of clotting factor VIII. Hemophilia B involves factor IX.

hemophilia A

Red-purple discoloration from blood extravasation; may occur with platelet abnormalities or vascular fragility.

purpura

may cause pallor, angular cheilitis, erythematous or atrophic mucosa, and a smooth tongue from papillary loss

anemia

pallor, angular cheilitis, erythematous or atrophic mucosa, and a smooth tongue from papillary loss.

These findings vary and are not present in every anemia

T or F

true

may cause gingival enlargement, bleeding, infection, and ulceration

Necrotizing gingivitis can occur but is not specific to it

leukemia

which medication does not cause gingival enlargement?

warfarin

what medication has a risk of medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw

bisphosphonates

MRONJ risk varies with bisphosphonate indication, dose, route, and duration. T or F

true

anticoagulation monitored using the INR, a target of ________ is common for many indications

2-3

medication that is prescribed for anticoagulation

warfarin

Brief, usually unilateral, electric shock like facial pain involving cranial nerve V; episodic neuropathic pain.

Trigeminal neuralgia

Persistent oral burning with clinically normal appearing mucosa and no identified local or systemic explanation after evaluation; a continuous pain pattern.

Burning mouth syndrome

Acute unilateral facial weakness or paralysis after other causes are excluded; a facial nerve VII disorder.

bell palsy

Pain associated with masticatory muscles and jaw function.

Myofascial pain and dysfunction

Degenerative joint changes; crepitus and limited movement may occur.

osteoarthritis

Inflammatory autoimmune joint disease; morning stiffness is a useful exam clue but not diagnostic alone.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Abnormal positional relationship of the disk to the condyle and articular eminence.

Internal derangement

The displaced disk returns to a more normal relationship during opening.

Disk displacement with reduction

The displaced disk does not return during opening; limited opening or a closed lock may occur

Disk displacement without reduction

Excessive condylar movement that the patient can self-reduce.

sublaxation

Open lock that the patient cannot self-reduce.

dislocation