Genitourinary Nursing and Pediatric Disorders

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering pediatric genitourinary anatomy, developmental differences, fluid calculations, and renal/urologic pathology based on lecture notes.

Urology

The branch of medicine and surgery focused on the study, structures, and functions of the urinary tract.

Nephrology

The medical specialty studying kidney function, specifically how the kidney regulates chemistries, fluid balance, and hormones.

Infant Bladder Capacity Formula

$\text{Weight in kg} \times 7$ (e.g., $10\,\text{lbs} = 4.54\,\text{kg} \times 7 = 31.78\,\text{mL}$).

Child Bladder Capacity Formula

$(\text{Age in years} + 2) \times 30$ (e.g., $3\,\text{y/o} + 2 = 5 \times 30 = 150\,\text{mL}$).

Normal Pediatric Urine Output

$1\text{--}2\,\text{mL/kg/hr}$.

Normal Pediatric Voids per Day

$15\text{--}20$ voids per day for infants; $4\text{--}9$ voids per day for a $2\text{-year-old}$; and $3\text{--}8$ voids per day for children older than $3\,\text{years}$.

Physiologic Steps of Voiding

A three-step process consisting of: 1. Stimulation of stretch receptors, 2. Contraction of the bladder, and 3. Relaxation of sphincters.

Urine Collection Bag

A sterile adhesive collection device applied to the perineal area to collect urine specimens from non-toilet-trained pediatric patients.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A bacterial invasion of the urinary tract, most frequently caused by E. coli, manifesting with dysuria, hematuria, fever, urgency, foul-smelling urine, or secondary enuresis.

Bladder Exstrophy

A congenital defect caused by incomplete abdominal wall formation where the bladder is located outside the abdomen, associated with pubic bone separation and genital/anal abnormalities.

Epispadias

A congenital anomaly where the urethral meatus is located on the top (dorsal side) of the penis.

Hypospadias

A congenital anomaly where the urethral meatus opens on the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, requiring postponed circumcision so foreskin can be used for surgical reconstruction at $6\text{--}12\,\text{months}$.

Hydronephrosis

An obstructive uropathy resulting from defects that block urine flow and cause vesicoureteral reflux, potential kidney damage, and renal failure.

Enuresis

Involuntary incontinence in a child past the age of anticipated bladder control ($>5\,\text{years}$ of age), classified as diurnal (daytime) or nocturnal (nighttime).

Neurogenic Incontinence

Loss of bladder control resulting from neurologic conditions such as spina bifida, spinal cord injury, or muscular dystrophy.

Anatomic Incontinence

Incontinence caused by structural abnormalities such as bladder exstrophy, epispadias, posterior urethral valves, ureterocele, or strictures.

Nephrotic Syndrome

An autoimmune disorder causing increased glomerular membrane permeability to plasma proteins, marked by massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hypovolemia, and severe edema.

Acute Glomerulonephritis

A post-infectious immune-complex inflammation of the glomeruli, most commonly following Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus infection, presenting with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and a positive ASO titer.

Peritoneal Dialysis

A filtration method where dialysate is infused into the peritoneal cavity via a Tenckhoff catheter to remove wastes by osmosis; peritonitis is its most frequent complication.

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

The leading cause of acute renal failure in children, caused $90\%$ of the time by E. coli from undercooked food, and defined by the triad of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure.

Cryptorchidism

The failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum, presenting with a flat scrotum and conferring an increased lifetime risk of testicular cancer.

Testicular Torsion

A surgical emergency characterized by rotation of the testicle that obstructs blood supply, risking thrombosis and permanent necrosis within $<2\,\text{hours}$.