1/3
Looks like no tags are added yet.
touch pathway
dorsal column → medulla (cross midline here; contralateral!) → thalamus → S1
pain response
damaged cells release excitatory chemicals → action potential → substance P causes mast cells/blood vessels to release histamine → inflammation
pain pathway
analgesia
frontal cortex/cingulate cortex/hypothalamus → periaqueductal gray (PAG) → medulla → dorsal horn → interneurons release endogenous opioids